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# Market Equilibrium, Consumer and Producer Surplus

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Suppose you are trying to sell a textbook that you have purchased for a course that you have already completed. Initially, you put the textbook on sale for \$130. However, several fellow students make offers on your textbook, all of the offers lying in the \$100-\$120 price range. Since you would like to receive as much value as possible from your sale, you settle for the highest price offer and sell the textbook for \$120. By settling to sell the textbook for \$120, the buyer and yourself as the seller find the optimal point of compromise where you're both satisfied enough with the conditions of the transaction to make the sale happen. This is an example of market equilibrium, where buyers and sellers are both happy enough to allow the transaction between the two parties to take place. How can we measure the benefit, if any, that both you as a seller and your friend as a buyer received as a result of this transaction? Read on to find out!

## Meaning of market equilibrium, consumer and producer surplus

Market equilibrium is the quantity-price point where supply and demand balance out in such a way that quantity demanded equals quantity supplied. The market stabilizes at the price that corresponds to this quantity.Consumer surplus is the difference that the consumer has to pay for a good or service and the price they would be willing to pay rather than forego that good or service.

Producer surplus is the difference between how much a supplier would be willing to receive for a given quantity of good or service and how much they can actually receive for that quantity based on the market price.

Why is consumer and producer surplus maximized at market equilibrium?

If the price rises, it will diminish the consumer surplus, which reflects on the graph by decreasing the area representing consumer surplus. On the other hand, if the price falls, it will do so at the cost of the producer surplus and reduce the area that denotes producer surplus. Thus, both consumer and producer surplus are maximized at the market equilibrium price.

## Market equilibrium definition

Market equilibrium is the point where demand and supply balance out, such that the quantity of a product or service demanded equals the quantity supplied. The price that matches this compromise quantity is the price at which the market can stabilize.

Equilibrium is the point in the market where the quantity of a product or service demanded equals to the quantity supplied, thus determining the market price that corresponds to that quantity.

At equilibrium, the quantity that consumers are seeking equals the quantity that producers are willing to supply, meaning there will be just enough of a good or service to leave no surplus of it and avoid shortages. Equilibrium also reflects the price at which both producers and consumers are willing to settle.

Since the quantity of a good or service demanded equals the quantity supplied, there will be no surplus or shortage of the good at the market price.

A surplus is an event in which the quantity of a product or service supplied exceeds the quantity demanded at the market price, thus leaving an excess quantity of the good that prevents the market from clearing.

A shortage occurs when the quantity of a product or service demanded exceeds the quantity supplied at the market price, meaning there is not enough of the given goods in the market.

### Market equilibrium graph

When visualized on a graph, the economic equilibrium is the point of intersection between the demand and supply curves. This point of intersection reflects the compromising quantity that both consumers are willing to seek out and producers are willing to supply at a certain price. Refer to Figure 1 below to see what equilibrium looks like in a basic supply and demand model.

Figure 1. Equilibrium in supply and demand model - StudySmarter

## Producer and consumer surplus

Identifying the point of equilibrium in a given market does not only reflect the price and quantity at which the market will stabilize, but also helps determine the existing consumer and producer surplus in the market.

### Producer surplus graph

Producer surplus is the difference between the price that a producer is willing to supply a product or service for versus the actual market price of that good or service. The resulting gap is the benefit that producers receive by supplying that good or service.

Producer surplus can be found on a supply and demand graph as the area confined by the equilibrium price and the supply curve, as illustrated in Figure 2 below.

Figure 2. Producer surplus - StudySmarter

### Consumer surplus graph

Consumer surplus is the difference between the price that consumers would be willing to pay for a product and the price they actually have to pay. This difference is the marginal benefit that consumers receive by purchasing a good or service for its market price.

On a supply and demand graph, consumer surplus is illustrated as the area between the demand curve and the equilibrium price, as demonstrated in Figure 3 below.

Figure 3: Consumer surplus - StudySmarter

## Calculating producer and consumer surplus

You can calculate both producer and consumer surplus by either finding the corresponding triangular areas that you can identify on a supply and demand model for any given market, or by using the respective formulas.

The supply and demand model reflects consumer and producer surplus as the inner triangular areas between the equilibrium price and the supply and demand curves respectively.

Thus, both producer and consumer surpluses can also be calculated by using the formula for the area of a right-angled triangle: $Area=\frac{Base×Height}{2}$

To determine producer surplus using this method, the base is the equilibrium price, and the height of the producer surplus area is the distance between the equilibrium price - PE and the y-intercept - Pmin of the supply curve. Similarly, consumer surplus can be determined by finding the triangular area where the base is the equilibrium price - PE and the height is the distance between the equilibrium price and the y-intercept - Pmax of the demand curve. Refer to Figure 4 below to see the triangular areas that represent consumer and producer surplus, respectively.

Figure 4. Consumer and producer surplus - StudySmarter

### Consumer surplus and producer surplus formula

Producer surplus is found by multiplying the difference between the price that producers are willing to sell at and the market price by the quantity they are able to sell.

As for consumer surplus, it is calculated by multiplying a quantity by the difference between the price consumers would be willing to pay and the market price. See the formulas for producer and consumer surplus provided below.

$ProducerSurplus=\left(Marketprice-Minpricewillingtosell\right)×Quantity$

$ConsumerSurplus=\left(Maxpricewillingtopay-Marketprice\right)×Quantity$

### Change in consumer surplus example

Looking at the graph and the formulas above, imagine if the market price increased from the price corresponding to the equilibrium. How would this shift affect the consumer surplus? Since the lower side of the triangular area of the consumer surplus is denoted by the market price, an increase in price would decrease the consumer surplus.

Refer to Figure 5 below for the following example. Suppose that a popular apparel brand uses imported cotton to produce their cardigans. With the usual volume of imported cotton, the brand is able to supply the cardigans at the quantity Q1 and price P1, with the initial market equilibrium marked as Eq1.

Due to an economic downturn, the country that the brand gets their cotton from has to reduce the quantity of cotton that they are able to supply and export. Now, the market equilibrium Eq2 for this brand's cardigans lies at a lower quantity Q2 and higher price P2. This decrease leads to a decrease in consumer surplus. As you can see in Figure 5, the new consumer surplus is represented by a smaller area confined by market price P2.

Figure 5. A decrease in consumer surplus - StudySmarter

Equally, if you were to use the formula for consumer surplus and the market price was to increase, the remaining difference (the consumer surplus) would be less than it was at a lower price. Thus, an increase in the market price would decrease the perceived benefit that consumers gather from purchasing a certain good or service.

## Consumer surplus example problem

Let's dive into an example for consumer surplus calculation!

Imagine that P1 is \$20, P2 is \$25, initial quantity Q1 is 10, quantity after the change Q2 is 8, and the y-intercept of the demand curve is \$45.

Using the consumer surplus formula, we can calculate the initial consumer surplus before the increase in market price as follows:

$Consumersurplu{s}_{1}=\left(45-20\right)×10=250$

Imagine the supply curve shifts to the left, leading to an increased market price. We must use the new market price and new decreased quantity corresponding to the equilibrium to calculate the consumer surplus.

$Consumersurplu{s}_{2}=\left(45-25\right)×8=160$

As you can see, the change in the market led to a reduction in consumer surplus from \$250 to \$160. At a higher price and lower quantity, consumers do not receive as much benefit from the transaction as they did at a lower price and higher quantity, which is reflected by a decrease in consumer surplus.

## Producer surplus example problem

Let's dive into an example for producer surplus calculation!

Suppose that due to a significant decrease in income, demand for laptops shifts leftward, decreasing the equilibrium quantity and price from 20 to 15 and \$1000 to \$700, respectively. The y-intercept of the supply curve is \$100.

For suppliers of laptops, this means that the producer surplus is now smaller than it was at a higher quantity and price, as illustrated in Figure 6 by the decrease in size of the area representing producer surplus.

Figure 6. A decrease in producer surplus - StudySmarter

We can also show that the producer surplus decreased by using the formula. First, lets calculate the producer surplus before the change in demand as follows:

$Producersurplu{s}_{1}=\left(1000-100\right)×20=18,000$

Given that the shift in demand led the equilibrium price and quantity to decrease, we need to use the reduced quantity and price to calculate the new producer surplus.

$Producersurplu{s}_{2}=\left(700-100\right)×15=9000$

As you can see, the decrease in equilibrium price led producer surplus to decrease from \$18000 to \$9000. At a lower price, producers do not get as much value out of selling their product on the market, hence the decrease in producer surplus.

## Market Equilibrium and Consumer and Producer Surplus - Key takeaways

• Market equilibrium is the quantity-price point where supply and demand balance out in such a way that quantity demanded equals quantity supplied. The market stabilizes at the price that corresponds to this quantity.
• Consumer surplus is the difference that the consumer has to pay for a good or service and the price they would be willing to pay rather than forego that good or service.
• Producer surplus is the difference between how much a supplier would be willing to receive for a given quantity of good or service and how much they can actually receive for that quantity based on the market price.
• Producer surplus is the inner triangular area between the equilibrium price and the supply curve.
• Consumer surplus is the inner triangular area between the equilibrium price and the demand curve.
• Both consumer and producer surplus can be calculated by either using formulas or finding the inner areas between the equilibrium price and their respective curves.

## Market Equilibrium, Consumer and Producer Surplus

Market equilibrium is the quantity-price point where supply and demand balance out in such a way that quantity demanded equals quantity supplied. The market stabilizes at the price that corresponds to this quantity.

Consumer surplus is the difference that the consumer has to pay for a good or service and the price they would be willing to pay rather than forego that good or service.

Producer surplus is the difference between how much a supplier would be willing to receive for a given quantity of good or service and how much they can actually receive for that quantity given based on the market price.

The consumer surplus is the triangular area between the demand curve and the price that corresponds to the equilibrium.

If the price rises, it will diminish the consumer surplus, which reflects on the graph by decreasing the area representing consumer surplus. On the other hand, if the price falls, it will do so at the cost of the producer surplus and reduce the area that denotes producer surplus. Thus, both consumer and producer surplus are maximized at the market equilibrium price.

The consumer surplus is the difference between the price that consumers are willing to pay for a certain good or service versus the price they actually have to pay as per the market price, while producer surplus is the difference between the amount that producers can receive for a good or service on the market minus the price they would be willing to sell it for.

On a graph, the difference between consumer and producer surplus is that consumer surplus is the area between the demand curve and the equilibrium price, while producer surplus is the area between the supply curve and the equilibrium price.

Consumer surplus is measured by subtracting the price that consumers actually have to pay for a certain good or product from the price they would be willing to pay for it.

Producer surplus is measured by subtracting how much producers of a certain good or product would be willing to sell it for from how much they can actually receive for it in the market.

## Final Market Equilibrium, Consumer and Producer Surplus Quiz

Question

How is consumer surplus measured?

Consumer surplus is measured by subtracting the price that consumers actually have to pay for a certain good or product from the price they would be willing to pay for it. This difference is then multiplied by the quantity purchased.

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How is producer surplus measured?

Producer surplus is measured by subtracting how much producers of a certain good or product would be willing to sell it for from how much they can actually receive for it in the market. This difference is then multiplied by the quantity sold.

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Question

Where is consumer surplus found on the graph?

On a graph, consumer surplus is the triangular area between the demand curve and the price corresponding to the equilibrium.

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Where is producer surplus found on the graph?

On a graph, producer surplus is the triangular area between the supply curve and the price corresponding to the equilibrium.

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Question

Consumer surplus is calculated by...

Subtracting the price that consumers have to pay for a product or service from the price they would be willing to pay

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Question

Where can the market equilibrium be found on the supply and demand graph?

Equilibrium is the point of intersection between the demand curve and the supply curve.

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What is the relationship between the quantity demanded and quantity supplied at the market equilibrium?

At market equilibrium, quantity demanded equals quantity supplied.

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True or false: surpluses and shortages may occur when the market is at equilibrium.

False. At equilibrium, the market clears as quantity demanded equals quantity supplied, thus leaving no product or service left to create a surplus or shortage.

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What is producer surplus?

Producer surplus is the benefit that producers reap from selling a certain good or service, measured by subtracting the price they would be willing to sell for from the price they can actually sell their good for, and multiplying the difference by the quantity sold.

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Question

What is consumer surplus?

Consumer surplus is the benefit that consumers reap from making a purchase of a certain product or service. It is measured by subtracting the price that consumers actually have to pay for a good from the price they would be willing to pay, then multiplying that difference by the quantity purchased.

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Which of the following is an example of producer surplus?

Car manufacturers making a profit on total quantity of products sold in a year after an unprecedented demand for new cars and consequent higher prices.

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True or false: producer surplus is represented by the triangular area between the demand curve and the market price.

False: producer surplus is the triangular area between the supply curve and the market price.

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True or false: consumer surplus is represented by the triangular area between the demand curve and the market price.

True

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Question

If you think of the producer surplus on the graph as triangles, what is their base.

The base is the market price.

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If the market price was to rise, how would this affect the consumer surplus?

Consumer surplus would decrease

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How is equilibrium price important to the decision makers in a market?

It provides information to economic actors in the market to achieve most efficient resource allocation.

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Where can equilibrium be found on a supply and demand model?

Equilibrium is the point of intersection between the supply and demand curves.

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What is the equilibrium price?

Equilibrium price is the price that corresponds to the point where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied.

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What is equilibrium quantity?

Equilibrium quantity is equivalent to the point where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied.

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How does quantity demanded affect equilibrium?

Equilibrium is the point where quantity demanded (QDequals quantity supplied. Thus, equilibrium will decrease if QD decreases, and increase if QD increases.

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How does quantity supplied affect equilibrium quantity?

Equilibrium is the point where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied (QS). Thus, equilibrium quantity will decrease if QS decreases, and increase if QS increases.

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What is a surplus?

A surplus occurs when quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded.

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What is a shortage?

A shortage occurs when quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied.

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What is disequilibrium?

Disequilibrium occurs when quantity demanded does not equal quantity supplied and thus creates a shortage or a surplus in a market.

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Which of the following can correct a surplus?

Decrease in market price

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Which of the following can correct a shortage?

Increase in price

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If the market price for a good was to increase, how would this affect quantity demanded?

Quantity demanded would decrease

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If the market price for a good was to decrease, how would this affect quantity supplied?

Quantity supplied would decrease

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Question

Why would a market price below the equilibrium level likely lead to a shortage?

Consumers would seek higher quantities of a good at a lower price.

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Suppose that in a certain market, quantity of a good supplied suddenly increased. How would this affect the market price?

Market price would fall below equilibrium

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What is consumer surplus?

Consumer surplus is the excess benefit that consumers get from purchasing a product or service, measured as the difference between the price that the consumers are willing to pay versus the price that they actually have to pay.

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What is producer surplus?

Producer surplus is the benefit that producers receive from selling their product or service, defined by the difference between the market price and the minimum price that producers are willing to sell their good for.

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How do you calculate consumer surplus?

Consumer surplus is calculated by finding the difference between the maximum price that consumers are willing to pay and the market price, multiplied by the quantity purchased.

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How do you calculate producer surplus?

Producer surplus is calculated by finding the difference between the market price and the minimum price that producers are willing to settle for, multiplied by quantity sold.

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Where can consumer surplus be found on the supply and demand model?

Consumer surplus is denoted by the triangular area between under the demand curve and the market price level.

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Where can producer surplus be found on the supply and demand model?

Producer surplus is represented by the triangular area between the inside of the supply curve and the market price level.

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How is the market price determined in a perfectly competitive market?

In a perfectly competitive market, market price will correspond to the point where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied.

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How can consumer surplus decrease in a market?

Consumer surplus may decrease due to a leftward shift of the supply curve.

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How can producer surplus decrease in a market?

Producer surplus may decrease due to a leftward shift of the demand curve.

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How can consumer surplus be increased?

Consumer surplus may increase with a rightward shift of the supply curve.

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How can producer surplus be increased?

Producer surplus may be increased with a rightward shift of the demand curve.

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Suppose that prices for a certain model of laptops has significantly increased while quantity supplied stayed the same. How would this affect the consumer surplus?

Consumer surplus would decrease

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Question

Suppose that due to a change in fashion trends, demand for mini skirts has significantly increased. How would this affect the producer surplus?

Producer surplus would increase.

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Question

How do you calculate consumer surplus using the supply and demand graph?

Find the triangular area of the consumer surplus, which is confined by the market price level and the demand curve, and the Y-axis.

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Question

How would you calculate producer surplus using the supply and demand graph?

Find the triangular area of the producer surplus, which is confined by the market price level, the supply curve, and the Y-axis.

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Question

Why do governments intervene in markets?

Governments may wish to intervene in markets to change the course of market behavior and/or pursue social objectives.

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Question

Which of the following is not one of the economic tools at the disposal of the government?

Bonuses

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