Methodology refers to the specific research methods used to answer a research question in a paper. Choosing the right methodology—qualitative, quantitative, mixed, or creative—is crucial as it shapes how you collect, analyse, and justify your research findings.
Get started for freeIf one is taking a creative approach, but also needs to examine numerical data or people's words and experiences to create their idea, what type of methodology do they need?
A researcher analyzes numerical datasets to identify correlations between smoking and alcoholism. They also interview people who identify as both smokers and alcoholics to explore why these correlations exist. What type of methodology is this an example of?
A researcher conducts a lab experiment to identify the effects of a vitamin. What type of methodology is this an example of?
Which research approach allows one to design a process or product to solve a problem?
What does the type of methodology one chooses depend on?
To narrow down your research methods, ask yourself:
A researcher uses case studies to describe the context of a situation. What type of methodology is this an example of?
Which research approach is experimental?
To narrow down your research methods, ask yourself:
If one is explaining, which type of methodology do they likely need?
Once one has determined the type of method they need, what should they do next?
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Published: 12.07.2022.
Last updated: 09.07.2025.
One of the most important elements of any research paper is the methodology. Methodology is a fancy term for explaining your research method, or the process you use to answer your research question. There are different types of methodologies, so you should always choose one that best answers your research question. When describing your methodology, you will need to define it, describe it, and justify it in your research paper's abstract.
When you hear the word “methodology,” it might sound intimidating! But it's really just a fancy word referring to an explanation of your research methods.
A research method is the steps you take to answer your research question.
When describing your methodology, explain what you will do to answer your research question and how you will accomplish it.
You need to develop a method before you sink.
In an abstract, you will need to explain your methodology. Some examples of explaining your methodology include the ways you collected and analysed data (such as through surveys), the type of research you chose, and your rationale behind the methodology.
Below are some examples of methodology. As you read through each one, think about what you would have to know about your research plan to describe it similarly.
This study will analyze presidential candidates' speeches from the twentieth century to explain how the rise of television changed the rhetorical strategies of American presidential candidates. Using the University of Virginia's Miller Center speech repository, the speeches of candidates who ran for president before the invention of television are compared to those of presidential candidates after television was invented. The analysis focuses on the differences between speech structures and rhetorical strategies to understand how the medium of television changed how presidential candidates appeal to Americans.
Note how this example breaks down a) what the writer is analyzing, b) where they obtained their sources, and c) how they analyzed their sources to answer their research question.
A mixed-method approach was used to understand how local high school students perceive dress codes. Firstly, a Likert scale survey was disbursed to over 200 students from the Albany school district. The Likert scale is generally considered to be the gold standard of ordinal data collection.
Survey takers were asked to rank their agreement with statements about dress codes on a scale from “strongly disagree” to “strongly agree.” At the end of the survey, participants were asked if they would be interested in discussing their opinions further in an interview. Open-ended interviews were conducted with 50 respondents to contextualize and gain a more in-depth understanding of the survey rankings.
Note how this example makes it clear a) what type of survey was used, b) why the author chose that survey, c) what they hoped to learn from the survey, and d) how they supplemented it with interview questions.
Your methodology is unique to your paper topic, but it will largely fall into one of 4 types: qualitative, quantitative, mixed, or creative.
Which type of methodology you choose will depend on:
Look over the table below for an overview of the different types of methodology. There are also some examples of methodology that can be used to structure your arguments.
Methodology Method Example | Description | Uses | Methodology Examples |
---|---|---|---|
Qualitative Methods | Non-numerical research which goes deeper into smaller sample sizes. |
| Interviews, open-ended surveys, case studies, observations, textual analysis, focus groups. |
Quantitative Methods | Numerical or factual data used to gather broader information about larger sample sizes. |
| Surveys (not open-ended), lab experiments, polls, physical measurement, analysis of numerical datasets. |
Mixed Methods | Combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. This uses parts of each to confirm either with the other or present a more comprehensive picture. |
| Surveys combined with interviews, physical measurements combined with observation, textual analysis combined with data analysis, focus groups combined with polls. |
Creative Methods | Uses artistic or engineering processes to develop products, design solutions, or define roles. May include elements of other research methods. |
| Realistic plans for building a hypothetical structure or material, design of a tool, new musical or dance composition, painting idea, play proposal, costume design plan. |
To choose your methodology, follow this process: determine your approach to answering your research question, determine the type of methodology you need, try different methods, and narrow down your choices. Consider your project's time, space, and resource limitations before making a final decision.
Need help? Follow the step-by-step below to choose your methodology:
Every research project is guided by a research question.
A research question is the main question you hope to answer in a research essay.
You may have a general idea of your research question, but it helps to write it out. Use this question to identify your approach. Maybe you are trying to explore patterns, explain a concept, or create a new design. Looking at your research question, ask yourself, "What am I trying to do with this research?"
Explore: This is a non-experimental approach. You aren't experimenting with ideas so much as trying to understand them more deeply. When you explore a topic, you examine an aspect of it, look for themes, or identify variables. If your topic is not very widely known, you might be exploring it!
Explain. This is an experimental approach. You are describing connections between groups or variables. You are looking to see if things are connected in a way we don't already know. If a topic is already well-known, but you are trying to prove a specific aspect or connection, you might be explaining!
Create. This approach is a creative process rather than an attempt to explain or explore a concept. With this approach, you design a solution to a problem, establish a need, and describe how your solution meets that need. If you are coming up with an entirely new process or design, you might be creating!
Are you exploring something in your paper?
Your approach determines which type of method you need. Use the flowchart and guidance below to determine which type of method you need:
Once you know which type of method you need, it's time to decide on the specifics. Exactly what methods within that type do you need?
Write down a few ideas. For example, if you need qualitative methods, you might consider interviewing people, analyzing texts, or conducting open-ended surveys. Don't limit yourself! This is the experimental phase. Write down as many possibilities as you can think of.
Once you have some ideas, it's time to make some tough choices. You should only have 1-2 methods.
To narrow down your choices, ask yourself the following questions:
When describing your methodology in an abstract, you need to justify your choices. Explain why this method is the best one to answer your research question.
When describing your chosen methods, be as specific as possible. Make it clear exactly what you did and how you did it.
Fifteen new mothers (women who gave birth for the first time less than one year ago) responded to a 10-question survey of open-ended questions on new motherhood. These questions focused on what it is like to experience new motherhood in the hospital immediately following birth, in the few weeks after returning home, and relating to jobs and family life. Survey responses were analyzed to understand how new mothers' experiences are shaped by these first few weeks.
Be focused for your audience.
To justify your methods, you also need to clarify how your methods align with the best practices in the field you are studying. To justify your methods, you might include any of the following information:
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