What are the main functions of digestive hormones in the human body?
Digestive hormones regulate digestive processes by controlling the secretion of gastric acid, pancreatic enzymes, and bile, enhancing nutrient absorption, and coordinating gut motility. They also signal feelings of hunger and satiety to maintain energy balance and communicate with other bodily systems to optimize digestion and energy usage.
How do digestive hormones influence appetite and food intake?
Digestive hormones such as ghrelin, leptin, and cholecystokinin regulate appetite and food intake by signaling the brain to initiate or inhibit hunger. Ghrelin stimulates hunger, while leptin reduces it by signalling satiety. Cholecystokinin further decreases appetite by promoting digestion and signaling fullness. Together, they maintain energy balance.
How do imbalances in digestive hormones affect health?
Imbalances in digestive hormones can lead to various health issues such as indigestion, altered metabolism, weight gain or loss, poor nutrient absorption, and gastrointestinal disorders like irritable bowel syndrome. These imbalances can disrupt normal digestive processes, leading to symptoms such as bloating, constipation, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.
What are the primary digestive hormones and where are they produced?
The primary digestive hormones include gastrin, produced in the stomach; secretin, produced in the small intestine; cholecystokinin (CCK), produced in the small intestine; and ghrelin, produced in the stomach. These hormones regulate various aspects of digestion such as enzyme secretion and appetite control.
How do digestive hormones interact with gut microbiota?
Digestive hormones influence gut microbiota by altering gut motility, pH, and nutrient availability, thereby shaping microbial composition. Conversely, gut microbiota can modulate hormone levels by aiding in the synthesis or degradation of hormonal precursors, impacting digestion and metabolism. This bidirectional interaction affects overall gut health and homeostasis.