SI Prefixes

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In Physics, prefixes are words placed before quantities to modify their meaning. For example, when we refer to ‘sub-zero temperatures’ on a snowy day, the prefix ‘sub’ meaning ‘lower than’, we are describing temperatures lower than zero. Other common prefixes are ‘mega’ and ‘giga’, which are used every day in computing.

SI units use prefixes to express especially large or small quantities. Using prefixes simplifies the expressions and standardises the terms used to describe numbers of any size.

Order of magnitude

The order of magnitude is a classification system based on the relative size of an object. In the SI system, we can say that an object is one order of magnitude larger than other objects if its measured value is ten times larger than the others. See the following examples:

A length of 20 metres is one order of magnitude larger than 1 metre, as 20 metres is more than ten times 1 metre.

How about kilograms? 10 grams is one order of magnitude larger than 1 gram, 100 grams is one order of magnitude larger than 10 grams, and 1 kilogram is one order of magnitude larger than 100 grams. There are, therefore, three orders of magnitude between the gram and the kilogram.

What are the SI symbols and their names?

Symbols simplify the writing and calculation of mathematical equations and results. There is a symbol for every SI prefix.

Symbols as prefixes exist for large and small values, and every prefix and symbol represents an order of magnitude. A familiar example is cm, the centimetre symbol. Its name means a hundredth of the length of a metre. Its order of magnitude is -2 against the metre, and its representation is 0.01.

Prefixes, symbols, orders, and names for large quantities

The SI prefix table below covers quantities that are larger than one unit.

Table 1. Prefixes symbols and orders of magnitude or large quantities.
Prefix	Symbol	Order of magnitude	Representation	Name
yotta	Y	24	1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000	Septillion
zetta	Z	21	1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000	Sextillion
exa	E	18	1,000,000,000,000,000,000	Quintillion
peta	P	15	1,000,000,000,000,000	Quadrillion
tera	T	12	1,000,000,000,000	Trillion
giga	G	9	1,000,000,000	trillion
mega	M	6	1,000,000	million
kilo	k	3	1,000	Thousand
hecto	H	2	100	Hundred
deca	da	1	10	Ten

Prefixes, symbols, orders, and names for small quantities

The SI prefix table below covers quantities that are smaller than one unit.

Table 2. Prefixes symbols and orders of magnitude or large quantities.
Prefix	Symbol	Order of magnitude	Representation	Name
deci	d	-1	0.1	tenth
centi	c	-2	0.01	hundredth
milli	m	-3	0.001	thousandth
micro	μ	-6	0.000,001	millionth
nano	n	-9	0,000,000,001	billionth
pico	p	-12	0,000,000,000,001	trillionth
femto	f	-15	0,000,000,000,000,001	quadrilionth
atto	a	-18	0,000,000,000,000,000,001	quintillonth
zepto	z	-21	0,000,000,000,000,000,000,001	sextillionth

Using prefixes and symbols in everyday life

Here is a simple example that you might come across in the news:

You might read that there will be a new renewable power plant near your area, which, under normal conditions, will produce 300 MWh. But just how much is that?

The symbol MWh stands for megawatts per hour. M is the symbol for Mega, meaning one million. 300 MWh, therefore, are 300,000,000 watts per hour. An average light bulb, by contrast, consumes about 30 watts per hour. If you divide the power produced by the new power plant by the amount of energy consumed by the light bulb, it becomes clear that the plant will provide enough energy for 10,000,000 light bulbs per hour.

How are prefixes and orders of magnitude related?

In the SI units, a prefix is applied when a quantity is smaller or larger than the original unit by a factor of ten. Every prefix in the SI system tells us that a quantity is one order of magnitude smaller or larger than the previous one. See the following examples:

Temperature: 3 megakelvin, mega meaning 1 million. This measurement is six orders of magnitude larger than any temperature in the range of 1 to 9 kelvin.

Length: 4.5 kilometres, kilo meaning 1000. This measurement is three orders of magnitude larger than any measurement in the range of 1 to 9 metres.

Calculating relative sizes using orders of magnitude

We can also use calculations to know how many orders of magnitude some object is different to another one if we know their size. Orders of magnitude can tell us how the size of an object compares to others. This method of comparison is useful when measuring lengths or areas and approximating the results to know how accurate a measurement is. See the following example of using this approach:

A bolt used to manufacture a machine must have a width of 3 cm but can be slightly larger or smaller by 0.03 cm. If the bolt is wider than 3cm + 0.03 cm, it will not fit, and if it is smaller than 3 cm-0.03 cm, it will not be tight enough.

You can determine the relative size of the deviation allowed in the measurement by making a simple division:

\(\text{relative size} = \frac{3 \space cm}{0.03 \space cm} = 50\)

This indicates that the bolt size is 50 times larger than the deviation allowed in the bolt width. The allowed deviation, therefore, is two orders of magnitude lower than the width of the bolt. When making measurements to produce objects, two, three or even four to five orders of magnitude smaller mean more accurate pieces.

SI Prefixes - Key takeaways

Prefixes allow us to use short, standardised names for very large and very small quantities.
Prefixes have a symbol associated with them.
The SI symbols have the same meaning as prefixes.
We find quantity symbols in every discipline, from natural sciences to the arts.
The order of magnitude helps us to know how large or small an object is compared to others.

Frequently Asked Questions about SI Prefixes

SI prefixes are words used to substitute names of large or small quantities.

A list of useful prefixes for measurements larger than the unit and their values are: yotta (10^24), zetta (10^21), exa (10^18), peta (10^15), tera (10^12), giga (10^9), mega (10^6), kilo (10^3), hecto (10^2), and deka (10).

A list of useful prefixes for measurements smaller than the unit and their values are: yocto (10^-24), zepto (10^-21), atto (10^-18), femto (10^-15), pico (10^-12), nano (10^-9), micro (10^-6), milli (10^-3), centi (10^-2), and deci (10^-1).

To convert SI prefixes, you need to know the prefix value and multiply by that quantity. An example would be converting 3 Meganewtons to newtons. You need to know that Mega is 1x10^6, so 3 Meganewtons are 3x10^6.

Flashcards in SI Prefixes18 Start learning

What is an SI prefix?

An SI prefix is a word used to describe precisely how large or small a quantity is.

What is the symbol for micro?

μ.

How many prefixes does the SI system have?

Twenty.

How do you use a prefix for 45 metres?

4.5 decametres.

What is the prefix for three thousand metres?

3 kilometres.

How many orders of magnitude apart are a pencil that measures 10 cm and a car that measures 3 metres in length?

Two.

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SI Prefixes

Order of magnitude

What are the SI symbols and their names?

Prefixes, symbols, orders, and names for large quantities

Prefixes, symbols, orders, and names for small quantities

Using prefixes and symbols in everyday life

How are prefixes and orders of magnitude related?

Calculating relative sizes using orders of magnitude

SI Prefixes - Key takeaways

Frequently Asked Questions about SI Prefixes

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SI Prefixes

Order of magnitude

What are the SI symbols and their names?

Prefixes, symbols, orders, and names for large quantities

Prefixes, symbols, orders, and names for small quantities

Using prefixes and symbols in everyday life

How are prefixes and orders of magnitude related?

Calculating relative sizes using orders of magnitude

SI Prefixes - Key takeaways

Frequently Asked Questions about SI Prefixes

What are SI prefixes?

How do you convert SI prefixes?

Learn with 18 SI Prefixes flashcards in the free StudySmarter app

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