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An antiquark is a fundamental particle that makes up most of the mass in the antimatter. Each antiquark has an electrical charge, a baryon number, and a strange number. The symbol of an antiquark is q. Antiquarks make antimatter, with some antimatter particles being produced during events called pair creation. Antiquarks can also compose particles with a mixture of particles and antiparticles.
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The baryon number indicates if you have a particle or an antiparticle. See the following table showing the negative quarks that make up antimatter.
| Table 1. Negative quarks: symbols, electrical charge, Baryon numbers, strange numbers. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Particle | Symbol | Electrical charge | Baryon number | Strange number |
| Anti up | \(\bar{u}\) | -⅔ | -⅓ | 0 |
| Anti down | \(\bar{d}\) | + ⅓ | -⅓ | 0 |
| Anti strange | \(\bar{s}\) | + ⅓ | -⅓ | +1 |
| Anti charm | \(\bar{c}\) | -⅔ | -⅓ | 0 |
| Anti top | \(\bar{t}\) | -⅔ | -⅓ | 0 |
| Anti bottom | \(\bar{b}\) | + ⅓ | -⅓ | 0 |
The creation of antimatter occurs in the pair creation process. This happens when matter collides with a high-energy photon. The collision emits two particles, one made of matter, while the other is the antiparticle.
Figure 1. A high-energy photon collides with a nucleus, producing a positron and an electron. This also creates a particle-antiparticle pair. Source: Manuel R. Camacho, StudySmarter.
Antiquarks make up antimatter. They are the particles that make up antiprotons and antineutrons, which contain three antiquarks. Their symbol is as follows:
\[\text{Antimatter quark symbol} = \overline {qqq}\]
The composition of antiprotons and antineutrons is as follows:
Antiproton
As this has a charge of -1, the combined charge of the antiquarks that compose the antiproton must be -1. This requires two anti-up quarks and one anti-down quark.
\[\text{antiproton} = \overline{udu}\]
The antiproton charge is determined by the addition of the three antiquarks.
\[\text{antiproton charge} = -\frac{2}{3} + \frac{1}{3} -\frac{2}{3} = -1\]
The charge value indicates that you are dealing with an antiproton. Antiprotons and antineutrons can be classified as baryons, which consist of antiquarks with a baryon value of -1. See the following addition of the baryon numbers for the antiproton.
\[\text{antiproton} = -\frac{1}{3} -\frac{1}{3} -\frac{1}{3} = -1\]
A baryon number of -1 indicates that you are dealing with a baryon made up of antimatter.
Antineutron
As this has a charge of 0, the combined charge of the antiquarks must be zero. This requires two anti-down quarks and one anti-up quark.
\[\text{antineutron} = \overline{dud}\]
The addition of the charges of the three antiquarks is as follows:
\[\text{antineutron charge} = \frac{1}{3} - \frac{2}{3} + \frac{1}{3} = 0\]
The total charge indicates that you are dealing with an antineutron. Adding the antineutron’s baryon numbers must give you a value of -1.
\[\text{antineutron} = -\frac{1}{3} - \frac{1}{3} -\frac{1}{3} = -1\]
A baryon number of -1 indicates that you are dealing with a baryon made up of antimatter.
Figure 2. A proton and an antiproton’s quark composition. The antiproton has the same mass but a negative charge. Source: Manuel R. Camacho, StudySmarter.
Quarks can combine with antiquarks, creating a matter-antimatter duo. The pion minus and the kaon minus hadrons are two examples. The pion minus and the kaon minus are the results of the combination of an anti-up and a down quark.
The pion plus and the kaon plus quarks have a baryon number of 0, indicating that they are a combination of matter and antimatter.
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What are antiquarks?
Antiquarks are the antiparticles of the quark, which have the opposite charge and baryon number. Antiquarks have the same mass and energy at rest as quarks.
What is the difference between quarks and antiquarks?
Their charge and baryon number.
How many antiquarks are there?
There are six antiquarks.
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