Sir Charles Warren is mainly remembered as the Police Commissioner who failed to catch the notorious serial killer Jack the Ripper. For this, he has gone down in history as an incompetent leader. However, Sir Charles Warren's biographer, Kevin Shillington, argues that this black-and-white view fails to take in the complexity of Warren's life.1
Explore our app and discover over 50 million learning materials for free.
Lerne mit deinen Freunden und bleibe auf dem richtigen Kurs mit deinen persönlichen Lernstatistiken
Jetzt kostenlos anmeldenNie wieder prokastinieren mit unseren Lernerinnerungen.
Jetzt kostenlos anmeldenSir Charles Warren is mainly remembered as the Police Commissioner who failed to catch the notorious serial killer Jack the Ripper. For this, he has gone down in history as an incompetent leader. However, Sir Charles Warren's biographer, Kevin Shillington, argues that this black-and-white view fails to take in the complexity of Warren's life.1
Indeed, during his early years, Charles Warren was given several prestigious awards for his services. He later managed to prevent violence against the Jews in London. Perhaps there is more to Sir Charles Warren than you might initially expect. Read on to find out more!
Let's first take a look at the life of Sir Charles Warren.
Charles Warren was born in 1840 in Bangor, Wales. His father was Major-General Sir Charles Warren, who had risen to prominence in the East India Company. As a boy, Charles Warren received a good education. He attended two grammar schools, after which he began his military career at the Royal Military College in Sandhurst.
In 1864, Charles Warren married Fanny Haydon and had four children. During these years, Charles worked as a land surveyor for Gibraltar in the military's engineering wing.
Land Surveyor
An engineering professional who creates maps of the land by measuring the relative positions of different three-dimensional features of the earth's surface.
In 1867, the Palestine Exploration Fund sent Charles Warren to Palestine to conduct archaeological expeditions. He helped to usher in a new phase of biblical archaeology when he analysed the Temple Mount in Jerusalem.
After a brief period in the military in South Africa, Charles Warren returned to England in 1880 to become the Chief Instructor of Surveying at the School of Military Engineering. In 1882, the military sent him once again to Palestine to investigate what happened to an archaeological dig at Sinai. Charles Warren found that the archaeologists had been robbed and murdered. He discovered their remains, gave them a proper burial, and discovered the attackers. For this, he was made a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1883.
The Order of St Michael and St George was a chivalry order in Britain that rewarded high-ranking military officers for special non-military services in foreign countries.
After this, Charles Warren was sent to Bechuanaland in Southern Africa to stop the Boers from stealing land and cattle from local African tribes. Charles Warren achieved this swiftly and without any bloodshed. He was rewarded by becoming a Knight of the Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1885.
Although Charles Warren was unsuccessful in his bid to become an MP, he was appointed Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis in 1886. However, this was when his reputation started to go downhill. His unpopularity in the press began on Bloody Sunday when Charles Warren mishandled a public protest in Trafalgar Square.
Bloody Sunday, 13 November 1887
For a few years, Britain had been experiencing poor economic conditions, leading to high unemployment. In the summer of 1887, many unemployed people began camping out in Trafalgar Square, the meeting place of the working-class East End and the upper-class West End of London.
In early November, the Home Secretary ordered a veto on all further gatherings of the unemployed in Trafalgar Square. In defiance, a political organisation called the Metropolitan Radical Association decided to organise a peaceful protest in Trafalgar Square the following Sunday.
20,000 protestors turned up, and Warren organised a ring of 2000 constables to surround the square, with a further 3000 on standby and two military battalions.
After the police arrested one of the leaders of the meeting, the crowd's mood changed. Charles Warren feared they would overpower his constables, so he called the standby police and the two battalions to break up the protest immediately. The police and troops did so with violence. Two died in the fighting, 100 further were hospitalised, 77 constables were wounded, and 40 protestors were arrested.
Although some saw Charles Warren as a hero who had suppressed a revolt, most of the press criticised him for excessive brutality, and his popularity in London plummeted.
Charles Warren's reputation was further harmed when he failed to catch the notorious Whitechapel serial killer, Jack the Ripper. He eventually became wearied by the constant criticisms of his incompetence in the press and resigned.
In 1889, Charles Warren was sent to command the garrison at Singapore, where he was promoted to Major-General.
However, when he was sent to command the 5th Division of the Field Force in 1899 during the Boer War, Warren's career again suffered a humiliating defeat. In particular, he mishandled the Battle of Spion Kop in 1900, which led to a military disaster that could have been easily averted. He was recalled to Britain afterward.
In his retirement, Charles Warren became a leading member of the newly founded Boy Scouts movement. He died of pneumonia in 1927 and was given a military funeral in Canterbury.
Perhaps Sir Charles Warren is most famous for his inability to catch the serial killer Jack the Ripper.
Jack the Ripper
Jack the Ripper is the unknown person who gruesomely murdered several women in Whitechapel between 1888 and 1891.
The name 'Jack the Ripper' was first invented by a person who claimed to be the murderer in an anonymous letter published in the newspapers. Journalists probably faked this letter to persuade people to buy their papers.
The victims of Jack the Ripper were mainly impoverished women working as prostitutes in the districts of Whitechapel. Eleven murders may have been linked to Jack the Ripper, of which the police are confident the same person committed five of them.
It is unclear why the murders stopped happening. The person who committed them was probably imprisoned, emigrated, or died of natural causes. To this day, their identity remains a mystery.
Charles Warren organised a large-scale police and detective operation to catch the mysterious killer. The investigation saw more than 2000 people interviewed, 300 investigated, and 80 detained. Despite this, the analyses revealed nothing, and the police failed to discover anything about the murderer.
Detain
To be kept in custody.
As a result, the press mocked Charles Warren and the police for failing to catch Jack the Ripper. Due to his mishandling of Bloody Sunday, Charles Warren was already an unpopular figure. Now the left-wing press had a new cause to criticise him - accusing Warren of ineptness and the police of incompetence.
Warren resigned from his post as Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis due to his exasperation with constant criticism in the press.
In September 1888, Jack the Ripper committed a double murder in Whitechapel. He left behind a set of graffiti on the wall at the crime scene, which became known as the Goulston Street Graffito. The text read:
The Jewes are
the men that
will not
be blamed for nothing.2
Whitechapel
A district in the East End of London.
Here Warren made a highly irregular decision. He ordered that the graffiti be washed off the wall, removing the evidence, before the police photographer could arrive to take the scenes of the crime.
In his report following the event, Warren justified his decision by explaining that there was already strong anti-Semitic sentiment in London. He argued that leaving this graffiti on the wall for everybody to see might unleash a pogrom against the Jews in London. Charles Warren argued that preventing such an attack from taking place was more important than leaving the scene of the crime undisturbed.
I do not hesitate myself to say that if the writing had been left there would have been an onslaught upon the Jews, property would have been wrecked, and lives would probably have been lost.3 - Charles Warren in his report.
Pogrom
An organised massacre of an ethnic or religious group.
In making this decision, Charles Warren likely prevented anti-Semitic violence from taking place as revenge for the murders.
Charles Warren was Police Commissioner from 1886 to 1888. Although Warren's officers liked him, most of London's constables found him a difficult manager to get on with, partially because of his aloof manner. However, Charles Warren worked hard to improve the working conditions for the police, including improving the quality of their boots (since they walked many kilometres in a day).
One of Warren's persistent problems as Police Commissioner, besides poor representation in the press, was his complex relationship with the Home Secretary, Henry Matthews.
These two men were political opposites. Warren was a Liberal and even reasonably radical in his outlook for the time, whereas Henry Matthews was a staunch Conservative. The two of them clashed constantly. Many of the decisions that Warren ended up being criticised for in the press were decisions that Matthews had made, which Warren was unable to overrule.
The following table shows Warren's various awards Warren throughout his military years. Most of them were awarded before he became Police Commissioner in 1886.
Year | Award | Reason |
1883 | Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George. | Investigation into Sinai murders |
1883 | Order of the Medjidie, First Class (by the Egyptian government) | Investigation into Sinai murders |
1883 | Knight of Justice of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem | Investigation into Sinai murders |
1884 | Fellow of the Royal Society | Investigation into Sinai murders |
1885 | Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George | Bechuanaland Expedition |
1888 | Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath | Caring for the men under his military command |
Besides failing to catch Jack the Ripper, Warren's other major failure was his leadership of the Battle of Scion Kop in January 1900 during the Boer War.
Scion Kop was the tallest hill in the region. Warren sent his force to climb it at night in a dense mist, resulting in them getting lost and only ascending to a lower summit rather than the peak. This left the British in a worse position than the Boers, who held the high ground. The British artillery could not destroy the Boer guns, which killed many British officers. Instead of calling for reinforcements and firing on a key Boer target, Warren decided to just continue with his original plan.
The next day, the British decided to retreat, exhausted and running out of water, even though they had nearly taken the hill.
The British suffered 243 casualties, and over 1250 men were wounded or captured by the Boers. It was such an unmitigated disaster for the army of the largest Empire in the world to be defeated by a small, untrained guerrilla force that the British government recalled Warren to Britain. It was decided that he was inept as a military commander.
Charles Warren was appointed Commissioner of the Head of Police of the Metropolis in 1886. He stayed in this post until 1888.
Charles Warren resigned because of the challenges he faced in his role as Police Commissioner for London. This was partially due to the difficulties in finding Jack the Ripper, partially due to the fact that he had a very difficult relationship with his boss, the Home Secretary Henry Matthews, and partially because he was wearied by constant criticism in the press.
Charles Warren conducted a comprehensive analysis of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem in 1867, when he was sent to Palestine by the Palestine Exploration Fund.
Commissioner Charles Warren is known for two scandals during his time as head of the police in London. Firstly, he mismanaged Bloody Sunday, on 13 November 1887, which led to many people injured and two deaths. And secondly, he failed to catch the notorious murderer Jack the Ripper.
Sir Charles Warren was a military surveyor, archeologist, military commander and the Police Commissioner for London during the time of Jack the Ripper. He was severely criticised in the press for his mishandling of Bloody Sunday in 1887 and his failure to catch Jack the Ripper. He is also known for leading the British army to disaster in the battle of Scion Kop in 1900.
When and where was Charles Warren born?
1840, Wales
Where did Charles Warren start his military career?
The Royal Military College in Sandhurst
What was Warren's first job in the military?
He was a land surveyor (a type of engineer) working in Gibraltar
Where did Charles Warren go in 1867 to conduct archaeological expeditions?
Palestine
How was Warren rewarded for his discovery of the archaeological dig that had mysteriously disappeared?
He was made a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
What did Charles Warren achieve in 1885?
He managed to stop the Boers from stealing land and cattle from local African tribes without any bloodshed in Bechuanaland.
Already have an account? Log in
Open in AppThe first learning app that truly has everything you need to ace your exams in one place
Sign up to highlight and take notes. It’s 100% free.
Save explanations to your personalised space and access them anytime, anywhere!
Sign up with Email Sign up with AppleBy signing up, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and the Privacy Policy of StudySmarter.
Already have an account? Log in
Already have an account? Log in
The first learning app that truly has everything you need to ace your exams in one place
Already have an account? Log in