Ever wonder what distinguishes a developed country from a developing country? Or what causes countries to become developed? Economic development is a multidimensional economic tool that tells us a lot about an economy and country. In addition, the focus of economic development exists on all levels within a country: locally, regionally, by state or province and, of course, nationally. Keep reading to see how this multidimensional tool that is found at all levels of the country, works!
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Jetzt kostenlos anmeldenEver wonder what distinguishes a developed country from a developing country? Or what causes countries to become developed? Economic development is a multidimensional economic tool that tells us a lot about an economy and country. In addition, the focus of economic development exists on all levels within a country: locally, regionally, by state or province and, of course, nationally. Keep reading to see how this multidimensional tool that is found at all levels of the country, works!
What does the term 'economic development' mean? The word development indicates growth, progress or change. Economic development, if you have guessed it right, also refers to the same, but in regards to economics.
Economic development focuses on improving the standard of living of the individuals of an economy through the implementation of policies, programs and socioeconomic goals.
Often times economic development is used in reference to the development of developing and underdeveloped countries, however, it can also be used for developed countries as well. The reason for this is that all economies should work toward improving the standard of living, increasing real income, life expectancy, quality and availability of education and healthcare and reducing poverty for the members of the country.
Walt Rostow, a renowned American economist, developed a linear spectrum that showcased the different stages which exist in economic development process. He suggested that every country exists on some level on the spectrum and then transitions upward in each stage throughout the economic development process.
The five stages in Rostow's economic development process are:1
Figure 1 below shows an overview of the five stages of the Rostow model:
In traditional society stage, Rostow suggested that the economy is based on agriculture and there is no scientific or technological intervention. Labor is distributed over the various different roles that would be required for the agriculture industry. For example, most people's jobs in this stage of economic development would be focused on farming, planting, raising and harvesting crops. In addition, due to the lack of technological advancements, these roles become fixated and long-term as they are time-consuming, which also leads to them being passed down to future generations. In this stage, the economy is focused more locally and regionally.
Moving into the preconditions to take-off stage, the economy shifts from locally and regionally to national and international as a result of the availability of education. Exposure through education instills hope for progress in society which then results in changes in practice. For example, an economy in this stage will develop and use manufacturing for its output. This will not only result in more efficiency and an increase in output, but also stimulate more profit.
Economies in the take-off stage have been introduced to industrialization. Now the economy is headed towards sustained economic growth. Although the economic growth is for a short period of time, a resulting benefit of the economic growth experienced in this stage is that it allows economies to self-sustain. The economy in this stage is characterized by specialization in key industries and these key industries will then be the driving factor of the experienced economic growth.
In drive to maturity stage, economies are transitioning from a few key industries to more integrated and varying industries. As a result of the transition, economies require a skilled workforce. In addition, technology takes the forefront with investments being focused on research and development, all leading towards economic growth. The drive to maturity stage takes place over a long period of time but the benefits of this stage, such as a rise in the standard of living, make the length of time for the development worth it.
As the name suggests, in this stage economies are experiencing an increasing amount of consumption. Economies in this stage have high amounts of surplus resulting from an increase in real income per capita which allows them to consume far more than they need. In addition, this stage allows for the service industries and social welfare to expand, which is also a contributing factor to economic growth.
There are economic development indicators which are quantitative measures that are used to distinguish a developed country from a developing country.
To start off, let's define a developed and developing country.
A developed country is characterized by sustained economic growth resulting from per capita GDP, technological advancements, level of industrialization and an overall greater standard of living.
A developing country is characterized by low income per capita or low per capita GDP, with a minimal industrial base and investment, low human capital index and weak or unstable governing bodies and institutions.
The economic indicators for economic development are:
The gross domestic product per capita is an indicator that provides insights into the level of aggregate output produced by an economy which also equates to the aggregate national income. The formula for real GDP per capita is:
Developed countries have a higher GDP per capita as they tend to have a smaller population and a higher real GDP due to greater access to technology and investment. Whereas developing countries have a lower GDP per capita as they have a greater population and lower real GDP due to limited technology and investment available.
The unemployment rate is an indicator that provides insights regarding the unemployed individuals in the labor force who are actively looking for employment. The formula to calculate the unemployment rate is:
Developed countries have a lower unemployment rate than developing countries due to various factors such as access to education and training, size of the population, stability and opportunities in the job market, and the existence and quality of social welfare programs, to name a few.
Inflation is an indicator that provides insights into the changes in the price of goods and services as a percentage of an increase in the cost of living. It also provides insight into the purchasing power of the economy's currency. Higher inflation is indicative of lower purchasing power of the currency, in other words, fewer goods and services can be purchased for the same dollar value. The formula to calculate inflation is:
Where:
Developing countries have a higher inflation rate than developed countries due to various factors such as volatile exchange rates alongside an unstable central bank to manage monetary policy. In addition, higher inflation rates in developing countries are due to rapid economic growth which creates a chain reaction of increased disposable income, increases in demand and as a result an increase in prices.
The national debt of a country is an indicator which provides insights into the net accumulation of the borrowing of the government from domestic and foreign lenders. Developed countries have a lower national debt vs. developing countries due to various factors, the main one being, that developing countries need the capital to stimulate economic growth and tend to borrow from developed countries. In addition, the national debt can be difficult to pay off over time due to it accumulating from one generation to another.
The trade balance of a country is an indicator which provides insights into the net exports of a country. Developing countries have greater net exports as they export more goods than developed countries as means of economic growth.
The human development index is the most used indicator for economic development. It takes into account three dimensions for economic development:
The level of the country's population living below the poverty line determines the level of economic development of the country. Developing countries have higher levels of poverty due to greater population size and lower standards of living.
The literacy rate of a country is the percentage of the population that can read and write. There is a positive correlation between higher literacy rates and economic development. Access to education provides insights into the percentage of the population that has obtained primary, secondary, and tertiary education. An educated population can contribute to the economic development of an economy.
The average life expectancy indicator provides insights into an estimated age a person can expect to live. Developed countries have a higher life expectancy due to their existing and increasing economic development in comparison to developing countries.
The infant mortality rate provides insights into the probability of a child dying before the age of one. Developing countries have a higher infant mortality rate due to the higher level of poverty, and lower access to healthcare.
Economic development and economic growth may often go hand in hand, but that is not always the case. They are in essence different.
Economic development focuses on the standard of living, it is inclusive of both qualitative and quantitative measures. The goal of economic development is to foster an economy where its members not only benefit from wealth but also from education, health and prosperity, allowing economic development to be a multidimensional economic tool.
In contrast, economic growth focuses on the increase in the output produced by an economy from one period to another. Economic growth solely considers opportunities to stimulate growth within an economy to increase real GDP.
Here are some examples of economic development in some of the different sectors of the economy:
The role of economic development is to improve the standard of living of individuals of an economy and country.
Economic development is important because it's the only way forward. In order for countries and economies to grow, the focus on economic development is key as it will for a better standard of living for all members of the country.
A few examples of economic development are:
- funding or making education and training accessible to the members of the economy
- focusing on building a strong infrastructure such as highways, bridges and roads which will aid in smooth transportation for imports and exports
- accessibility to healthcare services and facilities to all members of the economy
- establishing a stabilized central bank system that can implement and monitor monetary policies
The 5 stages of economic development are:
How would you define economic development?
Economic Development focuses on improving the standard of living of the individuals of an economy through the implementation of policies, programs and socioeconomic goals.
What are the 5 stages of economic development?
An economy in the traditional society stage of economic development will have which of the following characteristic:
the economy is based on agriculture
An economy in the preconditions to take-off stage of economic development will have which of the following characteristic:
the economy develop and use manufacturing for its output
An economy in the take-off stage of economic development will have which of the following characteristic:
the economy has been introduced to industrialization
An economy in the preconditions to drive to maturity stage of economic development will have which of the following characteristic:
the economy is transitioning from a few key industries to more integrated and varying industries
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