A perfectly competitive labour market is a market in which there are a lot of buyers and sellers and neither can influence the market wage. Assume you were part of a perfectly competitive market. This would mean that you wouldn’t be able to negotiate the wage with your employer. Instead, your wage would have already been set by the labour market. Would you like to be in that situation? Luckily, perfectly competitive labour markets rarely exist in the real world. Read on to find out why.
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Jetzt kostenlos anmeldenA perfectly competitive labour market is a market in which there are a lot of buyers and sellers and neither can influence the market wage. Assume you were part of a perfectly competitive market. This would mean that you wouldn’t be able to negotiate the wage with your employer. Instead, your wage would have already been set by the labour market. Would you like to be in that situation? Luckily, perfectly competitive labour markets rarely exist in the real world. Read on to find out why.
There are certain conditions that a market has to meet to be perfectly competitive. As we mentioned before, there must be a large number of buyers and sellers, all of whom are unable to influence the market wage, and all of whom operate under perfect market information.
In the long term, employers and employees would be free to enter the labour market, but a particular employer or firm would be unable to affect the market wage by its own actions. All of these conditions must take place simultaneously for a perfectly competitive labour market to exist.
Think of the many secretaries supplying labour in the city. Employers have a variety of secretaries to choose from when deciding to hire at the prevailing market wage. Hence, every secretary is forced to supply their labour at the market wage as employers would just end up hiring somebody else.
Note that this example is taken from the real world.
However, this example only has some features of the theoretical perfectly competitive labour market, which hardly exists in the real world.
One of the main things to keep in mind when considering perfectly competitive labour markets is that there are many buyers and sellers, and none of those can influence the prevailing market wage.
In a perfectly competitive market for goods and services, a firm is able to sell as much as it wants. The reason for that is that the firm is faced with a perfectly elastic demand curve.
A similar scenario appears in the case of a perfectly competitive labour market. The difference is that instead of the firm facing a perfectly elastic demand curve, it faces a perfectly elastic labour supply curve. The reason the supply curve of labour is perfectly elastic is that there are many workers offering the same services.
If a worker was to negotiate their wage, instead of £4 (the market wage), they would ask for £6. The firm could simply decide to hire from the infinitely many other workers that would do the job for £4. This way the supply curve remains perfectly elastic (horizontal).
In a perfectly competitive labour market, every employer has to pay their employee a wage that is determined by the market. You can see the wage determination in Diagram 2 of Figure 1, where the demand and the supply for labour meet. The equilibrium wage is also the wage at which we can find the perfectly elastic labour supply curve for a firm. Diagram 1 of Figure 1 shows this horizontal labour supply curve. Due to the perfectly elastic labour supply curve, the average cost of labor (AC) and the marginal cost of labor (MC) are equal.
For a firm to maximise its profits, it would have to hire labour at the point where the marginal revenue product of labour equals the marginal cost of labour:
At the profit-maximising point the extra output received from hiring an additional worker is equal to the additional cost of hiring this extra worker. As the wage always equals the marginal cost of hiring an extra unit of labour in a perfectly competitive labour market, the quantity demanded of a firm looking to hire workers would be where the wage is equal to the marginal revenue product of labour. In Figure 1 you can find this at point E of Diagram 1 where it also shows the number of workers a firm is willing to employ, in this case Q1.
If the firm would hire more workers than the equilibrium suggests, it would incur more marginal cost than marginal revenue product of labour, therefore, shrinking its profits. On the other hand, if the firm decided to hire fewer workers than the equilibrium point would suggest, the firm would make less profit than it otherwise would, as it can have more marginal revenue from hiring an extra worker. The firm’s profit-maximising hiring decision in a perfectly competitive labour market is summarised in Table 1 below.
Table 1. Firm's hiring decision in a perfectly competitive labour market |
If MRP > W, firm will hire more workers. If MRP < W firm will reduce the number of workers. If MRP = W firm is maximizing their profits. |
Another important factor you should note in a perfectly competitive labour market is that the Marginal Revenue Product of Labour is equal to the firm’s demand curve at each possible wage rate.
One of the main characteristics of a perfectly competitive labour market is that the supply, as well as the demand for labour, is set in the labour market where the equilibrium wage is determined.
To understand the characteristics of perfectly competitive labour markets, we need to first understand what influences the supply and the demand for labour.
Two factors influence an individual’s supply of labour: consumption and leisure. Consumption includes all the goods and services that an individual buys from the income they earn from supplying labour. Leisure includes all the activities that someone would do when they are not working. Let’s recall how an individual chooses to supply their labour.
Meet Julie. She values the quality time she spends at a bar with her friends and she also needs an income to cover all her expenses. Julie will determine how many hours of work she wants to supply based on how much she values the quality time she spends with her friends.
In a perfectly competitive labour market, Julie is one of many workers who is supplying labour. As there are many workers employers can choose from, Julie and others are wage-takers. Their wage is determined in the labour market and it is non-negotiable.
There aren't just many individuals supplying labour, but there are also many firms demanding labour. What does this mean for the demand for labour? How do firms choose to hire?
In a perfectly competitive labour market, a firm chooses to hire labour up to the point where the marginal revenue received from hiring an additional person is equal to the market wage. The reason for that is because that is the point where the firm’s marginal cost equals its marginal revenue. Hence, the firm can maximise its profit.
Regardless of how many workers or employers enter the market, in a perfectly competitive labour market, the wage is determined by the market. None can influence the wage. Both the firms and workers are wage-takers.
Both buyers and sellers are wage-takers in a perfectly competitive labour market. However, this does not mean that the wage isn’t subject to change. The wage can change only when there is a shift in either market labour supply or labour demand. Here we explore some factors that could cause the market wage to change in a perfectly competitive labour market by either shifting the supply or the demand curve.
There are several reasons that could cause the market labour demand curve to shift:
Figure 2 above shows a shift in the market labour demand curve.
There are several reasons that could cause the market labour supply curve to shift:
Figure 3 above shows a shift in the market labour supply curve.
It is extremely difficult to find perfectly competitive labour market examples in the real world. Similar to a perfectly competitive goods market, it is almost impossible to meet all the conditions that make up a perfectly competitive market. The reason for that is that in the real world, firms and workers have the power to influence the market wage.
Although there aren’t perfectly competitive labour markets, some markets are close to what a perfectly competitive one would be.
An example of such a market would be the market for fruit-pickers in some regions of the world. Many workers are willing to work as fruit-pickers and the wage is set by the market.
Another example is the labour market for secretaries in a big city. As there are many secretaries, they have to take the wage as given by the market. Firms or secretaries are unable to influence the wage. If a secretary asks for a wage of £5 and the market wage is £3, the firm could quickly find another one that would work for £3. The same situation would happen if a firm was trying to hire a secretary for £2 instead of the market wage of £3. The secretary could quickly find another company that would pay the market wage.
One thing you should keep in mind when it comes to examples of perfectly competitive labour markets is that they often occur where there is a huge supply of unskilled labour. These unskilled laborers can’t negotiate for wages as there are plenty of workers who would do the job for the determined market wage.
Although perfectly competitive labour markets do not exist in the real world, they provide a benchmark for assessing the level of competition in other types of labour markets that do exist in the real world.
A perfectly competitive labour market happens when there are a lot of buyers and sellers and both are incapable of influencing the market wage.
Because those participating in the labour market are able to change/influence the prevailing market wage.
Yes, perfectly competitive labour markets are wage takers.
The ability of buyers and sellers to influence the market wage.
Define perfectly competitive labour markets.
In a perfectly competitive labour market there are many buyers and sellers and neither can influence the prevailing market wage.
When does perfectly competitive labour market occur?
When those supplying labour and those demanding labour can’t change the market wage. They are all wage-takers.
What are the main conditions of perfectly competitive labour markets?
What's the shape of the supply curve in a perfectly competitive labour market?
The shape of the supply curve in a perfectly competitive labour market is perfectly elastic.
Why is the shape of the supply curve in a perfectly competitive labour market perfectly elastic?
Because there are many individuals supplying labour. Even if someone would ask a wage above the market wage, firms could just hire someone else instead.
How is the wage determined in a perfectly competitive labour market?
The wage is determined in the whole market, where all buyers and sellers meet.
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