Basics of Electricity

The movement of electric charges is known as electricityIt is a secondary energy source, meaning it is obtained by converting primary energy sources, such as coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear power, and other natural sources. Electricity can be generated using renewable or non-renewable energy sources. To understand how the basics of electricity are connected, we must study both the fundamental quantities and the basic components of electric circuits

Get started

Millions of flashcards designed to help you ace your studies

Sign up for free

Review generated flashcards

Sign up for free
You have reached the daily AI limit

Start learning or create your own AI flashcards

StudySmarter Editorial Team

Team Basics of Electricity Teachers

  • 8 minutes reading time
  • Checked by StudySmarter Editorial Team
Save Article Save Article
Contents
Contents

Jump to a key chapter

    Basics of electricity: what is electric current?

    Let's get to grips with the basics of electricity starting with electric current.

    The rate of charge flow past a particular point in an electric circuit is known as electric current.

    Negatively charged electrons or positive charge carriers, such as protons or positive ions, can carry the charge. The magnitude of an electric current is measured in coulombs per second, which receives a special name: amperes (A).

    The equation that captures the relationship between charge, current, and time is:

    \[I = \frac{Q}{t}\]

    In this equation, Q is the charge in coulombs (C), I is the current in amperes (A), and t is the time in seconds (s).

    In how many of the below options will 8mA of current pass through an electric circuit?

    A. When a charge of 4C passes in 500s.

    B. When a charge of 8C passes in 100s.

    C. When a charge of 1C passes in 8s.

    Using the current equation, we solve for I:

    A. \(I = \frac{4C}{500s} = 8 \cdot 10^{-3} A = 8 mA\)

    B. \(I = \frac{8C}{100s} = 80 \cdot 10^{-3} A = 80 mA\)

    C. \(I = \frac{1 C}{8s} = 125 \cdot 10^{-3}A= 125 mA\)

    Option A is the right choice.

    Basics of electricity: what is the potential difference?

    The potential difference or voltage is the amount of energy per unit of charge needed to move charges from a certain space point to another.

    This definition is equivalent to a difference in electric potential between two spatial points (indicated by its name). The way to achieve this difference of electric potential is usually through starting chemical reactions (which move electrons that generate a potential difference), moving magnets, water-powered turbines, etc.

    The voltage difference will create a direction for the charges to flow. The voltage can be described mathematically as

    \[V = \frac{W}{Q}\]

    In this equation, V is the potential difference in volts (V), W is the energy in joules (J), and Q is the charge in coulombs (C). The device used to measure potential difference or voltage is a voltmeter.

    Find the potential difference in a circuit where the energy invested in carrying a charge of 4 coulombs is 4 joules.

    Simply use the equation for the potential difference:

    \[V = \frac{4J}{4C} =1V\]

    Hence the voltage is 1 volt for a circuit where the work done (energy invested) in carrying a charge of 4 coulombs is 4 joules.

    Basics of electricity: what is resistance?

    Resistance is a measure of the opposition of a component to the flow of electric current.

    The lower the resistance of a component, the higher the current flows through the component. Materials with lower resistance make better conductors (so the lower the resistance of a particular material, the better it is as a conductor). That’s why most wires are made up of copper because this material has a low resistance value. We can calculate the resistance thanks to Ohms law, which defines resistance as the ratio of the potential difference and the current:

    \[R = \frac{V}{I}\]

    R is the resistance measured in Ohms (Ω), V is the potential difference measured in volts (V), and I is the current measured in amperes (A).

    Ohms law is an experimental law that is only fulfilled by some materials called ohmic materials. However, in general, resistance is a measure of a substances opposition to the flow of a current. This relationship can be as complex as we desire and depends on many variables, such as the specific material, temperature, etc.

    How much resistance is offered by a circuit, which has a total potential difference of 2 volts and a total current of 0.17 amperes?

    Given the voltage and current as V = 2 Volts and I = 0.17 amperes, we can use the equation above:

    \[R = \frac{V}{I} = \frac{2V}{0.17 A} = 11.76 \Omega\]

    Basics of electricity: what is electric power?

    Since electric circuits with a current involve the movement of charges, there is an associated power (energy per unit of time) that can be calculated in the quantities we have already studied. The expression for the electric power is the following:

    \[P = I \cdot V = I^2 \cdot R = \frac{V^2}{R}\]

    In this equation, the power P is measured in watts (W), and we have used Ohms law several times to obtain the power in terms of two of the three basic quantities.

    Basic components of electric circuits

    The basic electrical systems where we care about voltage, current, and resistance are electric circuits. They are structures made out of electric devices, such as cables, resistors, switches, power sources, etc., where the potential difference is established and a current is formed. The setup determines the specific characteristics of each circuit and its possible applications.

    Basic knowledge of circuits

    We can describe circuits by using diagrams with standard symbols that indicate the role of each component in the circuit. The main components are:

    • Sources, which supply voltage and/or current.
    • Wires that transport the current.
    • Resistors, which offer resistance to the flow of current.

    The majority of other complex devices are usually described in terms of their resistance and extra conditions. For instance, a lightbulb is a resistor that shines when a current flows through it. Below is an example of a basic circuit (don't worry about the cix symbol).

    Basics of electricity Diagram of a simple circuit StudySmarter

    Diagram of a simple circuit

    Resistance association

    The laws that resistors obey when there is more than one in a circuit are important because they allow us to simplify circuits or achieve certain effects. The two main forms of association of resistors we use are resistances in series and resistances in parallel.

    • Resistances in series: n resistors are on the same wire or conductor one after another, and the wire does not bifurcate (divide into branches). The resulting resistance of the set of resistors is the sum of their individual resistances:

    \[R_{Total} = \sum_i R_i\]

    Basics of electricity Diagram of resistors in series StudySmarter

    Resistors connected in series
    • Resistances in parallel: n resistors are on different branches that originated from a division of the same wire. The following equation gives the resulting resistance of the set of resistors.

    \[R_{Total} = \frac{1}{\sum_i \frac{1}{R_i}}\]

    Basics of electricity Diagram of resistors in parallel StudySmarter

    Resistors connected in parallel
    • Resistances in series: n resistors are on the same wire or conductor one after another.
    • Resistances in parallel: n resistors are on different branches that originated from a division of the same wire.

    Kirchhoff’s Laws

    Finally, when considering circuits, we have to take into account two laws of conservation that are named after the scientist Gustav Kirchhoff:

    • Conservation of current: whenever we reach a node of wires/conductors, the current entering the node must equal the current leaving it (conservation of charge and, hence, current).
    • Conservation of voltage: whenever we consider a closed circuit or a closed loop in a circuit, the sum of the voltage supplied by all batteries must equal the drop of potential caused by every element in the closed-loop. This is simply Ohms law applied to closed circuits.

    Basics of electricity Network of components in an electric circuit StudySmarter

    Network of components

    Basics of Electricity - Key takeaways

    • Electric current is the number of charges that flow through a certain section of a conductor per unit of time. It is measured in amperes.
    • The potential difference is the energy needed per unit of charge to move charges from one point to another. It is measured in volts. It is supplied by phenomena like chemical reactions, magnetic fields, non-renewable sources, etc.
    • Resistance is the opposition of a substance to the flow of charge. It is measured in ohms. It is usually determined through Ohms law, a widely used approximation that relates it to the voltage and the current.
    • In circuits, it is interesting to study how can we calculate the resistance of a set of resistors. The two usual positions are in series and parallel.
    • In circuits, there are laws that capture the conservation of energy and charge that translate into the conservation of voltage and electric current. They are called Kirchhoff laws.
    Learn faster with the 0 flashcards about Basics of Electricity

    Sign up for free to gain access to all our flashcards.

    Basics of Electricity
    Frequently Asked Questions about Basics of Electricity

    Explain the principles of electric currents and basic electricity.

    When a potential difference is established between two points, a flow of charges appears. The rate of this flow of charge is the electric current, which is determined by the potential difference and the resistance, i.e. the opposition of the medium to the movement of charges.

    What is the basic unit of electric charge?

    The basic unit of electric charge is the Coulomb (C).

    What are the basic components of an electric circuit?

    The basic components of an electric circuit are wires, batteries, and resistors.

    What is voltage and power?

    Voltage is the work needed per unit of charge to move charges between two points. Electric power is the rate of energy generated by a potential difference per unit time when charges are allowed to move.

    Save Article

    Discover learning materials with the free StudySmarter app

    Sign up for free
    1
    About StudySmarter

    StudySmarter is a globally recognized educational technology company, offering a holistic learning platform designed for students of all ages and educational levels. Our platform provides learning support for a wide range of subjects, including STEM, Social Sciences, and Languages and also helps students to successfully master various tests and exams worldwide, such as GCSE, A Level, SAT, ACT, Abitur, and more. We offer an extensive library of learning materials, including interactive flashcards, comprehensive textbook solutions, and detailed explanations. The cutting-edge technology and tools we provide help students create their own learning materials. StudySmarter’s content is not only expert-verified but also regularly updated to ensure accuracy and relevance.

    Learn more
    StudySmarter Editorial Team

    Team Physics Teachers

    • 8 minutes reading time
    • Checked by StudySmarter Editorial Team
    Save Explanation Save Explanation

    Study anywhere. Anytime.Across all devices.

    Sign-up for free

    Sign up to highlight and take notes. It’s 100% free.

    Join over 22 million students in learning with our StudySmarter App

    The first learning app that truly has everything you need to ace your exams in one place

    • Flashcards & Quizzes
    • AI Study Assistant
    • Study Planner
    • Mock-Exams
    • Smart Note-Taking
    Join over 22 million students in learning with our StudySmarter App
    Sign up with Email