"I lifted the pencil again, useless though I knew it to be," writes Virginia Woolf in her 1942 essay, "The Death of a Moth," describing her gesture to help a flailing moth. "The Death of a Moth" was written in 1941 and published posthumously. Woolf struggled with overwhelming bouts of depression for most of her life and lost her battle within the year this was written. She chooses the final moments in a moth's life to discuss themes of Life and Death.
When an event occurs posthumously, it happens after the person associated with it dies.
A photograph of Virginia Woolf, wikimedia.org
"The Death of a Moth" Summary
Woolf begins "The Death of a Moth" by describing a moth she sees hanging around in her window on an early autumn day. Although Woolf is trying to read, she finds herself distracted by the activity outside her window. It's a bright and sunny day. She sees a farmer working a field, and a flock of birds gathered in a treetop are noisily and repeatedly flying toward the sky and then re-landing.
Her focus is eventually drawn to the moth. As it flits to each corner of the window, Woolf judges its limitations of being trapped into experiencing such a narrow slice of life in the body of something so insignificant as "pathetic" (1942). However, this completely nonessential little being that was so animated made her feel she was witnessing a genuine and undiluted example of Life.
Life is capitalized in this context because it refers to the overarching force of life in the universe.
Once the moth stops moving around, Woolf goes back to reading her book. After a while, she notices the moth unsuccessfully trying to resume its activity. When it flips onto its back and gets stuck in that position, Woolf reaches toward it with a pencil to help it, then realizes it's beginning to die. She pulls back her pencil because she recognizes there is no helping the moth.
Woolf looks back out the window, but all the activity has ceased. She turns her attention back to the moth, which finally rights itself after a hard struggle. Woolf comments that anyone watching would naturally want the moth to triumph, and she feels an odd admiration for its effort. Again Woolf reaches out with her pencil, but then she notices the moth has died. Her previous wonder at the nature of Life is replaced by a similar musing on the power of Death.
A photograph of a moth, pixabay.com
"The Death of a Moth" Rhetorical analysis
Virginia Woolf was a modernist writer credited with developing some of the genre's characteristics, most notably the interior monologue and stream of consciousness writing. Her friend and fellow writer, T. S. Elliot, said "a whole pattern of culture [was] broken"1 because of her death. Modernism erupted as a movement beginning in the late nineteenth century and continued into the early twentieth century in reaction to rapid industrial growth, World War I, and new advancements in science and psychology. As such, modernists questioned reality and the validity of institutional beliefs.
Literary modernists such as Woolf explored these questions in their writing, experimenting with structure and point-of-view. Unlike previous generations of writers, modernist texts didn't tell their stories according to a traditional chronological timeline. Woolf and other modernists instead allowed their characters or narrator to guide the story through their thought processes. Woolf structures the narrative of 'The Death of a Moth' to revolve around the relationship between herself and the moth she is watching. Woolf's thoughts respond to the actions of the moth which moves the story forward.
An interior monologue is a narrative technique that shares a character's thoughts and feelings. It is related to stream of consciousness, which is a style of writing that aims to represent a character's inner thoughts by recording them as a connected chain of impressions.
For example, in "The Death of a Moth," Woolf writes, "The helplessness of his attitude roused me. It flashed upon me that he was in difficulties; he could no longer raise himself; his legs struggled vainly. But, as I stretched out a pencil . . . it came over me that the failure and awkwardness were the approach of death. I laid the pencil down again" (1942). Woolf uses her inner thoughts to describe the scene. The choppy sentences separated by semi-colons imitate the way thoughts popped into her head as she worked through the experience with the moth.
"The Death of a Moth" is a narrative essay because Woolf uses a personal story and narrative techniques to illustrate her themes. The plot of the events of an ordinary autumn day frames Woolf's discussion around Life and Death. Woolf's description of witnessing a moth's final burst of life before succumbing to death provides narrative conflict to study her experience through a wider lens.
Woolf uses figurative language such as metaphor to illustrate her thinking. The farmer working his field and the flock of birds are metaphors for life. Later, as the moth lay dying, the farmer and birds are nowhere in sight.
A metaphor compares two seemingly unlike things.
In "The Death of a Moth," Woolf personifies the moth, calling it "he" (1942). Personifying the moth operates as an emotional appeal to the reader and makes them sympathize with the moth. First, for being trapped into its existence as a moth, and finally as Woolf asserts, so "one's sympathies . . . were all on the side of life" (1942) as the moth wrestles with its death.
Although the dissociated tone of "The Death of a Moth" could turn the reader off, it complements the wavering passive and active voice of the essay to make the reader feel as if they have been transported into a daydream. Woolf is removed from the action around herself as she sits reading a book. She watches the action in the field and the birds in the tree. She watches the moth flitter around the window. Woolf is aware of the life that surrounds her, and it draws her attention from the book, but she makes no move to participate aside from providing a commentary. Where life is concerned, in "The Death of a Moth" Woolf is removed from herself as well, referring to herself as "one" (1942).
It is when death becomes involved that Woolf actively participates, now referring to herself in the first person and half-heartedly attempting to interfere when the moth flips on its back. In life, Woolf watches the moth's "simple activities with a kind of pity," but in death, the moth "lay most decently . . . and composed" (1942).
An illustration of symbols of death, pixabay.
"Death of a Moth" Themes
In "Death of a Moth," Woolf discusses themes of Life and Death. As the moth flutters around, she begins to think about how it fits into the grand scheme of things. This begins a discussion of the moth as a representative of Life itself. Between the physical labor of the farmer and his horse, the lush and grassy hills, and the noisy community of the birds, the world outside Woolf's window is overflowing with life. That the moth had so much energy even while being so irrelevant made her feel she was witnessing an embodiment of Life. Woolf calls the moth in 'Death of a Moth' a "tiny bead of pure life" (1942).
Woolf reacts to its approaching death in a similar fashion. As the moth dies, she watches it struggle to live and thinks about the inevitable nature of Death. Woolf hesitates to help the moth as it struggles because, as she writes in "Death of a Moth," "nothing . . . [has] any chance against death" (1942).
"Death of a Moth" Thesis
The thesis in "Death of a Moth" is that the same force of life that drives the moth exists in all forms of life, including Woolf. In "The Death of a Moth," Woolf calls the activities of the farmer, the birds, and the moth the "same energy," and later writes that the moth is a "simple . . . form of the energy . . . in [her] own brain" (1942). However, Woolf is aware that in its pure form, Life is not sentimental. It doesn't interfere with the natural course of things as the moth lay dying. Woolf notes while the moth dies in "The Death of a Moth" that the same Life that worked the fields earlier hovers outside "indifferent [and] impersonal" (1942).
"Death of a Moth" Message
The message one comes away with when reading "Death of a Moth" is that Life is powerful, but Death is unavoidable. Although Woolf illustrates the activity around her in "Death of a Moth" in terms of strong descriptives such as "marvelous," "vigor," and "power" (1942), she repeatedly acknowledges the inescapable fate of the moth. And that Death took the time to "triumph" (1942) over a speck of Life like the moth impresses Woolf as evidence of its power.
Photograph of a tree sprouting out of a rotting stump, symbolizing life and death, pixabay.
Death of a Moth - Key takeaways
- "Death of a Moth" is a narrative essay written by Virginia Woolf and published after her death in 1942.
- "Death of a Moth" is an example of a modernist text in which Woolf uses an interior monologue and stream of consciousness writing to drive the narrative.
- The farmer working the field with his horse, the surrounding hills, and the crows in the tree are metaphors for Life in "Death of a Moth."
- Woolf discusses themes of Life and Death in "Death of a Moth."
- The thesis of "Death of a Moth" is that the same energy force that animates the lowly moth powers all forms of life.
1Quigley, Megan. "What If?: New Insight into the Friendship of Virginia Woolf and T.S. Eliot." Los Angeles Review of Books. 2021
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