Analyzing Informational Texts

When people think of analyzing texts, they often think of poring over literary works for elements like figurative language and theme. However, it is also important to analyze non-fictional texts, like informational texts. While informational texts might not contain literary elements like metaphors and symbols, their writers still make deliberate choices that shape the meaning and impact of their writing. Understanding how to analyze informational texts makes people more critical readers.

Analyzing Informational Texts Definition

When people analyze something, they critically examine it to generate a deep understanding. Readers can analyze all types of written texts to discern their meanings and how the author created them. When analyzing informational texts, readers examine the reason and way that an author presents information to a reader.

Fig. 1 - Newspaper articles are examples of informational texts.

Informational Text Definition

To understand how to analyze an informational text, you first need to understand what an informational text is. An informational text is a non-fictional text that, as the name suggests, informs the reader about a topic. For example, textbooks, biographies, and instruction manuals are all informational texts. You are even reading an informational text right now!

Analyzing Informational Texts Purpose

The purpose of analyzing informational texts is to understand more about the author's purpose for presenting the information. Authors' purposes are typically to inform, entertain, or persuade. Analyzing informational texts can also help readers understand concepts on an in-depth level and make connections between ideas.

To analyze an informational text, readers can ask questions like the following:

• What was the author's reason for writing this text?

• What is the main idea of this text?

• How does the author use elements like headings, illustrations, and bolded text to make a point?

• How can readers use the information in this text?

• Is the author using credible sources and citing them?

Fig. 2 - Magazines often contain informational texts.

Analyzing Informational Text Elements and Structures

When analyzing informational texts, readers should focus on the elements of the author's argument as well as the text's structure.

Analyzing Informational Text Elements

A key part of analyzing informational text is identifying and evaluating the textual elements that the author used to present information to the reader. For instance, the following list features elements that writers frequently include in informational texts.

• Bolded/Italicized Text

• Charts

• Glossary

• Graphics

• Headings

• Images

• Index

• Maps

• Subheadings

• Summaries

• Table of Contents

• Title

Authors of informational texts include different elements depending on what their purpose is. For example, a chapter in a textbook might have a summary at the end to make it easy for students to review the information. On the other hand, a magazine article will likely not have a summary at the end because it does not present information that readers need to study or memorize.

When analyzing informational texts, readers should note what elements the author uses and why they used those to make their point. This helps unpack the text to understand how it functions. In understanding an informational text on a more in-depth level, the reader will develop a deeper understanding of the material.

Fig. 3 - When analyzing an informational text, reflect on the author's use of images, among other elements.

Analyzing Informational Text Structures

Informational texts tend to one have the following structures. When analyzing informational texts, readers should identify which structure the author is using. They should then ask analytical questions to reflect on how the structure impacts the text.

Cause and Effect Structure

In a cause and effect informational text, the author demonstrates the causal relationship between two concepts. For example, a writer might write a cause-and-effect informational text about how smoking causes lung cancer.

To analyze a cause-and-effect informational text, readers can ask questions like the following:

• What cause or causes does the author discuss, and what are the effects?

• How does the structure of this text help readers understand how one concept caused another?

Chronological Order

Chronological informational texts tell the reader about a sequence of events or steps in the order that they happened in. For instance, a chapter in a history textbook that informs readers about the events of the American Revolution in order would be a chronological informational text.

When analyzing a chronological informational text, readers can ask questions like:

• In what order did the events occur in?

• How does the author present the information so that readers understand their order?

Comparison and Contrast

In a comparison and contrast informational text, the author notes the similarities and differences between various concepts. For example, a writer might compare and contrast the experience of living in two different cities.

To analyze a comparison and contrast informational text, readers can ask analytical questions like these:

Description

In a description informational text, the writer describes a concept to the reader. For example, a textbook chapter about the Harlem Renaissance would be a description informational text.

Analytical questions about description informational texts look like the following:

• What is the main point of this text?

• How does the author's description of the topic help the reader understand it objectively?

Fig. 4 - Textbook chapters are often description informative texts.

How-To

A how-to informational text, also known as process or sequence, is when the writer provides instructions about how to do something. The authors typically present the information in sequential order. For instance, an article about how to bake brownies would be a how-to text. Readers can ask themselves questions like the following when analyzing a how-to information text:

• How does the author present the information to help the reader learn?

Problem and Solution

In a problem and solution informational text, a writer describes a problem and then proposes at least one solution to the problem. For instance, a writer might describe the issue of climate change and propose a solution. To analyze such a text, readers should ask a question like the following:

• How does the structure of the text shape the reader's understanding of the problem and the potential solutions?

Analyzing Informational Text Example

This article is an example of an informational text. Imagine that you are tasked with analyzing this article. First, read the entire article and highlight essential information, such as the main idea, key definitions, and important points. For instance, the main idea can be found in the first paragraph. The author likely included that there to immediately inform the reader what the article would be about and ensure they have context for the topic before reading about it in more detail.

After reading through the text, consider the elements that the author of this text used to present the information. For instance, there are headings, subheadings, and bolded definitions. You can ask yourself the following questions:

• What elements did the writer use to help present this information?

• What impact do these text elements have not the reader's understanding of the information?

• Why would the author have chosen these textual elements?

The author of this article uses headings and subheadings to organize the information in a clear, logical manner. The headings make the article easy to follow and allow readers to skip to certain sections if they only need information about one aspect of the topic. The author also uses elements like bolded text to highlight key terms and a summary at the end to make it easy for readers to review the topic.