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Living World

Our planet, the Earth, is, as far as we know, unique in the universe. It contains life.1

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Living World

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Our planet, the Earth, is, as far as we know, unique in the universe. It contains life.1

Thus said naturalist, Sir David Attenborough, in 1984. And, as far as we know, to this day, he remains correct. What separates the Earth from other planets in our solar system, and possibly the galaxy and even the universe, is an abundance of biological organisms. Our world is a living world: we share the Earth will millions of other species of living beings in a multitude of different forms, from microscopic bacteria to gargantuan blue whales.

How do we understand the living world from a geographic perspective? What are ecosystems and biomes, and what role do animals play? Let's take a dive into our living world.

Living World Definition

First, let's explore the living world definition.

We share this planet with almost nine million other living species. These species make up the living world.

The living world includes those components of the Earth that are alive.

But when is something considered living?

Humans have been struggling with that question for thousands of years. Currently, something is considered alive if it meets the following seven criteria:

  • Capable of ingesting nutrition

  • Capable of growing

  • Breathes

  • Has senses and reacts to stimuli

  • Capable of some kind of movement

  • Capable of reproduction

  • Excretes waste

Using these criteria, we can see that rocks are not alive, but coral, elephants, hawks, pine trees, phytoplankton, and alpacas are all considered living.

What about viruses? Are they alive?

Although viruses are sometimes considered alive, they are usually considered "close to living" rather than living. Technically speaking, viruses do not meet all of the criteria listed above. Most notably, they cannot grow and they cannot reproduce until they have infected a living organism.

Living World Geography

Geography is the study of place. Geographers divide geography into two broad categories: human geography and physical geography. Human geography is concerned with the political borders and social systems developed by humans, whereas physical geography is concerned with natural landscapes and processes.

Biogeography is a subset of physical geography. Biogeography is the study of the geographic distribution of living organisms. What migrations, adaptations, environmental pressures, and evolutionary processes affect where plants and animals come to live? What sort of plants and animals would you find in a desert? Why do lions live in sub-Saharan Africa, but not in the United Kingdom? Biogeographers seek to answer these questions.

Living world lion stretching StudySmarterFig. 1 - You won't find a lion in the UK unless it has escaped from the zoo!

Biogeography is related to several scientific fields outside of geography, such as ecology (the study of organism interactions) and biology (the study of life). These fields are collectively referred to as the life sciences.

In order to make sense of the living world, the life sciences have developed categories to make things more comprehensible. You may have seen, for example, a Latin name assigned to an animal. This is an animal's universal scientific name, which is used to identify the animal across cultures and languages. This Latin name uses a binomial nomenclature system; the first word identifies the genus, or group, that an animal belongs to, while the second word is a description of the species. 'Lion' translates to 'asad' in Arabic, 'simba' in Swahili, and 'aslan' in Azerbaijani; but in any language, scientists can quickly and easily identify lions as 'Panthera leo.'

Living World Ecosystems

Geographers have attempted to categorise and label different types of living environments to explain why certain animals live where they do.

One of the smallest biogeographical categories is a habitat. A habitat usually describes just one species and its potential living conditions within an environment. For example, a garden habitat is suitable for a hare or hedgehog.

An ecosystem describes a living community. It is a category that takes into account all of the living organisms in an area and their interactions with each other and their physical environment. The moorlands throughout the United Kingdom each have a grassland ecosystem. There's a lot that goes into an ecosystem: the grasses taking nourishment from the soil and sun; animals eating the grasses; animals eating other animals; decomposition and scavenging.

Ecosystems are important because all life depends on them, even us humans. We don't live in a vacuum! The food we eat, the resources we use, and the air we breath are all components of various ecosystems. For more information, be sure to check out our explanation on Ecosystems!

The world can be divided into groups of different major ecosystems. A world ecosystem or global ecosystem is the largest biogeographical unit. World ecosystems are called biomes.

Biomes include the tropical rainforest biome; the temperate rainforest biome; the temperate grassland biome; the savanna grassland biome; the desert biome; the polar biome; and the coral reef biome.

The temperate grassland biome includes all of the different temperate grassland ecosystems in the world.

Living world temperate grassland biome map StudySmarterFig. 2 - The temperate grassland biome includes all of the different temperate grasslands in the world

Not all geographers agree on the number of biomes. Some divide the world into only five broad biomes, while others may divide the world into 30 or more different biomes! You can learn more by reading our explanation on Biomes.

Some biogeographers use different sets of units for categorising different parts of the world. For example, instead of using global ecosystems/biomes as the biggest biogeographical unit, some biogeographers use biogeographic realms. The scale goes something like this:

  • Ecosystem

  • Ecoregion: A geographic region with multiple similar ecosystems.

  • Bioregion: A group of ecoregions, whose borders are defined by major topographical boundaries.

  • Biogeographic realm/Ecozone: the division of broad types of bioregions, based mainly on evolutionary history and topographic boundaries.

Although biomes and biogeographic realms are similar, biogeographic realms take more physical geography into account, rather than plants' and animals' habitats, communities, and living conditions.

Components of the Living World

The two broad types of components in any ecosystem are abiotic and biotic. Abiotic components are non-living. Dirt, solar energy, rocky outcrops, and weather patterns are all abiotic components.

But here, we're concerned with the biotic, or living, components. Biotic components are anything that is alive. Traditionally, living organisms are grouped into five different communities called kingdoms. Take a look at the table below.

KingdomDescriptionExamples of Organisms
Monera (bacteria and archaea)Single-celled organisms without a nucleusE. Coli, Wolbachia, Salmonella
FungiStationary, plant-like organisms that feed on carbon, especially through decompositionMushrooms, yeasts, molds
Plantae (plants)Organisms that conduct photosynthesisTrees, grasses, cacti
Animalia (animals)Mobile organisms that breathe oxygen and consume carbon life-formsHumans, frogs, sharks, turkeys, spiders
Protista (protists)The 'leftovers'; organisms that don't quite fit anywhere elseAlgae; amoebas

Living components interact with each other. For example, some animals eat plants, while some animals eat other animals. Additionally, animal or plant remains may be decomposed by fungi or bacteria.

Living World of Animals

The most relatable element of an ecosystem is the animals. In fact, we humans are animals in ecosystems!

Within an ecosystem, plants are usually considered producers, which means that they can serve as an initial source of energy. Animals are considered consumers: they gain energy from producers and from each other.

Because most animals are mobile consumers, animals help shape landscapes. When animals consume fruit, they can spread the seeds to other locations. When animals eat grasses, trees, and shrubs, they can increase or decrease various types of plant life. When animals prey on each other, the 'leftovers' provide meals for scavengers and fungi, and the decomposition helps fill the soil with nutrients.

Some ecosystems have keystone species, an animal so important to an ecosystem that the entire ecosystem revolves around it. On the Great Plains of the United States, a temperate grassland ecosystem, bison were a keystone species. Every other animal living on the Great Plains was in some way, directly or indirectly, affected by bison activity. Bison rolling, grazing, and foraging spread seeds across the grasslands and carved out habitats for ground-dwelling birds. Bison were the primary food source for Great Plains predators, like wolves and even humans, and bison faeces acted as fertilizer for the grasses.

Living world keystone species bison StudySmarterFig. 3 - Bison were a keystone species of the American Great Plains

When keystone species are removed from an ecosystem, that ecosystem becomes degraded. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the bison were deliberately overhunted to make way for cattle grazing; railroad expansion; and to undermine the nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyles of the native tribes on the Great Plains. When bison were all but eliminated, the Great Plains lost a major source of nutrients in the form of fertilizer and meat. The living world can be a very fragile system!

Living World - Key takeaways

  • The living world includes all of the components of the Earth that are alive.

  • The study of where living organisms live and how they are distributed is biogeography.

  • Ecosystems are the collective interactions between different living organisms with each other and their environment. Global ecosystems are called biomes.

  • There are five broad categories for types of living organisms: monera, fungi, animals, plants, and protists.

  • Animals, in particular, are very important in shaping the environment. Some animals can act as keystone species, meaning an entire ecosystem revolves around them.


References

  1. Living Planet: A Portrait of the Earth. 1984.
  2. Fig. 1: Panthera leo stretching (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Panthera_leo_stretching_(Etosha,_2012).jpg) by Yathin S Krishnappa (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Yathin_sk), Licensed by CC BY-SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en)
  3. Fig. 2: Biome map 08 (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Biome_map_08.svg) by Terpsichores (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Terpsichores), Licensed by CC BY-SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en)

Frequently Asked Questions about Living World

All life is interdependent. Humans participate in ecosystems too, from the food we eat to the air we breathe. 

The two overarching components of an ecosystem are abiotic, or non-living, and biotic, or living. Abiotic components include things like sunlight, rocks, soil, and weather patterns. Biotic factors are living organisms, like plants, animals, and fungi. 

Animals act as consumers. Some ecosystems revolve around keystone species: one type of animal that affects everything else in the ecosystem, from plant distribution to habitat creation to sources of food. 

The living world includes those components of the Earth that are alive. The study of the distribution of living organisms is called biogeography.

World ecosystems are broad categories for major types of ecosystems. World ecosystems are called biomes.

Final Living World Quiz

Living World Quiz - Teste dein Wissen

Question

What are the two main cold environments?

Show answer

Answer

Polar and tundra.

Show question

Question

True or False? In tundra environments, the permafrost can melt during the summer months. 

Show answer

Answer

True.

Show question

Question

What is a wilderness environment?

Show answer

Answer

A natural place where there is very little human activity, making it undisturbed. 

Show question

Question

Name the two main challenges in managing cold environments.

Show answer

Answer

Economic development and conservation.

Show question

Question

List all the risks associated with managing cold environments. 

Show answer

Answer

Climate change, issues surrounding conservation, over-development, increasing tourism, and cultural erosion. 

Show question

Question

What is cultural erosion?

Show answer

Answer

When a community takes on new rules or values and loses their original rules and values. 

Show question

Question

True or False? Increasing tourism is not a threat to cold environments.

Show answer

Answer

False. 

Show question

Question

Which factors below are used to manage cold environments?

Show answer

Answer

International agreements.

Show question

Question

True or False? NGOs only campagin for ideas and do not have direct power in actually implementing laws and rules.

Show answer

Answer

True.

Show question

Question

What is the Arctic Council an example of?

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Answer

An international agreement.

Show question

Question

True or False? Hunting, trapping, industrial fishing and whaling are all conservation risks to cold environments.

Show answer

Answer

True.

Show question

Question

What is the living world? 

Show answer

Answer

The living world includes the components of the Earth that are alive.

Show question

Question

Which of the following is NOT considered a fundamental characteristic of a living organism?

Show answer

Answer

Capable of reproduction

Show question

Question

What is biogeography?

Show answer

Answer

Biogeography is the study of the distribution of living organisms. 

Show question

Question

Which of the following can be considered life sciences?

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Answer

Biogeography

Show question

Question

True or False: Living organisms are assigned a scientific name, which is a two-word name in French. 

Show answer

Answer

False! Scientific names are in Latin. 

Show question

Question

True or False: Humans exist independently of ecosystems. 

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Answer

False! Humans depend on food and resources found in ecosystems.

Show question

Question

Which of the following is NOT a synonym for the others? 

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Answer

World ecosystem

Show question

Question

True or False: Forests are abiotic components of the living world. 

Show answer

Answer

False! Forests are large groups of trees, which are living, or biotic. 

Show question

Question

Which of the following is NOT one of the five kingdoms of life?

Show answer

Answer

Protists

Show question

Question

True or False: Within most ecosystems, animals act as producers, while plants act as consumers.

Show answer

Answer

False! It's the other way around. Plants act as producers, while animals act as consumers.

Show question

Question

What is a keystone species? 

Show answer

Answer

A keystone species is an animal species around which an entire ecosystem revolves.

Show question

Question

What kingdom do mushrooms belong to?

Show answer

Answer

Fungi

Show question

Question

True or False: Both plants and mushrooms are capable of photosynthesis. 

Show answer

Answer

False! Mushrooms are not capable of photosynthesis, although some protists are.

Show question

Question

What is a habitat?

Show answer

Answer

A habitat is a living condition for one species within an environment. 

Show question

Question

True or False: Biogeography is a subset of human geography. 

Show answer

Answer

False! Biogeography is a subset of physical geography, which concerns the natural world. 

Show question

Question

Which of the following is NOT a synonym for the others?

Show answer

Answer

Biogeographic Realm.

Show question

Question

What are the four main types of cold environments? 

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Answer

Alpine, glacial, periglacial, and polar.

Show question

Question

What is the difference between alpine and polar environments? 

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Answer

Alpine environments are created by the high elevation leading to a decrease in average temperatures, whereas polar environments are created by their high latitude with low temperatures. 

Show question

Question

What type of cold environment takes up the smallest surface area on the Earth?

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Answer

Glacial.

Show question

Question

What are the two categories of polar environments and how do they differ?

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Answer

Tundra has at least one month in the year where temperatures go above freezing, whereas ice caps have no point in the year where temperatures exceed zero degrees Celsius.

Show question

Question

How do cold environments regulate the Earth’s climate?

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Answer

Through reflecting solar energy back into space and storing carbon in the form of permafrost in periglacial environments. 

Show question

Question

Where are cold environments located on earth?

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Answer

Cold environments are primarily located within the polar regions but can be found south of the Arctic circle in Russia and North America. In addition, cold environments can be found in areas of high elevation on mountains.

Show question

Question

How much of the Earth’s surface is thought to be covered by periglacial environments?

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Answer

10%.

Show question

Question

Are direct temperature increases the only threat to cold environments from climate change? Explain.

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Answer

No, there is also the impact of more severe seasonal and annual climatic changes which will impact how periglacial systems function.

Show question

Question

How do glacial and periglacial environments differ?

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Answer

Glacial environments are shaped by glacial processes (the movement of ice) whereas periglacial environments are shaped by freeze-thaw processes (the repeated formation and melting of ice).

Show question

Question

What is a tree line?

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Answer

The tree line is a sudden change in vegetation seen at the boundary of polar and alpine environments, where it gets too cold for trees to grow. Across the tree line, plant communities change from being dominated by trees and other woody plants to grasses, mosses, and other plants specialized for the cold.

Show question

Question

Deforestation is the clearing of trees from _________.

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Answer

Forestland.

Show question

Question

Which of the following is NOT a cause of deforestation? 

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Answer

Offshore fracking. 

Show question

Question

True or False: Some wildfires are caused by human activities.

Show answer

Answer

True. Wildfires can be started by unattended campfires; discarded cigarettes; or even intentional arson.

Show question

Question

Farmer Mateo needs space to plant his crops, or he will not be able to feed his family next year. Farmer Mateo burns down a portion of the local forest. Which of the following most accurately describes the reason for this deforestation?

Show answer

Answer

Expansion of agriculture.

Show question

Question

True or False: Forest fires are always a bad thing!

Show answer

Answer

False. Some trees, like the eucalyptus tree, depend on forest fires to drop their seeds. However, some wildfires are so deadly that all potential benefits are lost.

Show question

Question

What is runoff?

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Answer

Runoff occurs when water that has pooled at the surface of the ground floods over into other areas. 

Show question

Question

True or False: When tree roots are removed from soil, the soil becomes healthier. 

Show answer

Answer

False. Tree roots bind soil together. When these roots are removed, the soil can become eroded. 

Show question

Question

Q: Which of the following products come from trees? Select ALL that apply.

Show answer

Answer

Paper.

Show question

Question

Q: True or False: As the number of trees decreases, wildfires will become less severe. 

Show answer

Answer

False! A decrease in trees means more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere–which means the world will continue to get hotter and drier, which are the perfect conditions for wildfires. Wildfires may become more common and more severe as deforestation continues.

Show question

Question

Which countries can the Amazon rainforest be found in?

Show answer

Answer

Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana.

Show question

Question

What factors are causing deforestation of the Amazon rainforest?

Show answer

Answer

Subsistence and commercial farming, logging, road building, mineral extraction, energy development, and settlement and population growth.

Show question

Question

What is subsistence farming?

Show answer

Answer

When the farmer uses their crops and livestock for their needs.

Show question

Question

Fill in the blanks. ____ and ___ is a method of shifting cultivation.

Show answer

Answer

Slash, burn.

Show question

Test your knowledge with multiple choice flashcards

True or False? In tundra environments, the permafrost can melt during the summer months. 

Name the two main challenges in managing cold environments.

True or False? Increasing tourism is not a threat to cold environments.

Next

Flashcards in Living World258

Start learning

What are the two main cold environments?

Polar and tundra.

True or False? In tundra environments, the permafrost can melt during the summer months. 

True.

What is a wilderness environment?

A natural place where there is very little human activity, making it undisturbed. 

Name the two main challenges in managing cold environments.

Economic development and conservation.

List all the risks associated with managing cold environments. 

Climate change, issues surrounding conservation, over-development, increasing tourism, and cultural erosion. 

What is cultural erosion?

When a community takes on new rules or values and loses their original rules and values. 

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