Migration and Identity

 Intentionality, and spatial scale.

 International migration, and national, or intranational migration.

Forced migration, and economic, or incentivised migration.

A factor that incentivises a person or people to migrate from a particular area.

A factor that incentivises a person or people to migrate to a particular area.

Youth unemployment was at 40 percent in 2004. GDP per capita was $12,700 over the same period, much lower than in the UK. 

GDP per capita in the UK was $30,900 in 2004. Labour shortage in trade-based, skilled, and semi-skilled areas amounted to 607,900 vacancies in the UK in the same period.

Increased variety of services that will likely be unique to the area, e.g. Korean restaurants in New Malden. New migrants are also a potential solution to the labour shortage in particular industries.

There is potential for conflict due to prejudice. 

Potential less stress on public services, increasing their quality for the remaining population.

Labour shortage and economic halting.

When political and/or economic structure becomes so weak that the government is no longer in control. This will result in what we call a 'failed state'. Such a failed state can no longer function.

1. The government cannot project its authority over the people and the territory
2. It is unable to protect its boundaries, loss of territory
3. Erosion of legitimate authority to make collective decisions
4. The inability to provide public services
5. The inability to implement public policies
6. Civil liberties and human rights are no longer protected
7. The residents of a failed state will have no physical security and no stable political and economic systems in place
8. The inability to interact with other states as a full member of the international community

• predatory and corrupt government
• civil wars
• genocide
• ethnic violence

• insurgency
• high crime rates
• overly bureaucratic processes
• judicial incompetence 
• military interference in politics

The FSI is an index that is released every year by the Fund For Peace organisation showing the fragility of 179 countries. These fragilities are based on 12 metrics, each worth 10 points. The higher the score, the worse off a country is.

1. Security Apparatus
2. Factionalised Elites
3. Group Grievance
4. Economic Decline
5. Uneven Economic Development
6. Human Flight and Brain Drain
7. State Legitimacy
8. Public Services
9. Human Rights and the Rule of Law
10. Demographic Pressures
11. Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons
12. External Intervention

• Eritrea
• Syria
• Zimbabwe
• Congo

1. Yemen
2. Somalia
3. South Sudan
4. Syria
5. Democratic Republic of Congo
6. Central African Republic
7. Chad
8. Sudan
9. Afghanistan

False

That the status of any country can change at any moment, for better or worse. 

• The Human Development Index to reach the final score is not included. Instead, it focuses on institutions to measure what are often also considered human aspects for development
   
• FSI draws parallels between the fragility of a state with underdevelopment. This leads to the assumption that (economic) underdevelopment leads to fragility and therefore leading to the assumption that a developed state is stable or sustainable
   
• FSI measures the failure (or success) of a state without including progresses made outside of the 12 metrics. Therefore important measures such as child mortality rates and access to clean water, are not taken into account

Apart from failed states, there are also fragile states, sometimes also called 'vulnerable states'. States that are classified as fragile would need to undertake action otherwise they will become a failed state. 

Sovereignty is a political concept that refers to a dominant power or supreme authority. A sovereign, whichever type it is, wields power without limitations. They have the power to make laws, and a sovereign power lies beyond the powers of others to interfere

The power of a king to rule his people.

There are 206 total states, broken down into 193 member states, 2 observer states, 11 classified as 'other' states

191

15

National Sovereignty is the full right and power of a nation to govern itself, without any interference from outside sources or bodies. A national sovereignty has complete control over its own territory

The fact that in the UK, they want to drive on the left-hand side of the road. That is their decision and they do not have to ask another country or nation permission to do so

A sovereign state is when a political entity is represented by 1 centralised government that has supreme authority over a geographic area

• Space or territory that has internationally recognised boundaries
• People who live there on an ongoing basis
• Regulations governing foreign and domestic trade
• The ability to issue legal tender that is recognised across boundaries
• An internationally recognised government that provides public services and police powers and has the right to make treaties, wage war, and take other actions on behalf of its people
• Sovereignty, meaning that no other state should have power over the country's territory
• Normally, a sovereign state is independent

The Westphalian sovereignty, or state sovereignty, is a principle in international law that each state has exclusive sovereignty over its territory. The principle underlies the modern international system of sovereign states and it is spelled out in the United Nations Charter

External sovereignty concerns the relationship between sovereign power and other states.

1. Regardless of status, for example wealthy or poor, every sovereign state is legally equal in international law. The United Nations General Assembly is where each state has 1 vote, regardless of the power or lack of power of a sovereign state
    
2. In order for a state to achieve full external sovereignty, it must be recognised as a fellow sovereign state by enough other members withing the international system, especially the most powerful states

The apartheid regime in South Africa set up a number of 'states' within its territory. It had all the attributes of a sovereignty, however it was only recognised by South Africa and the other states that were set up. Other states refused to acknowledge and recognise them as an equal, therefore failing to acquire the key attribute of a state

Internal sovereignty is the relationship between sovereign power and the political community.

1. legal sovereignty: covers the right of a state to be the only law-making body for the population that inhabits the territory in question. Sovereignty does not recognise any superior or even equal in the legal right to make laws for a territory. That means that as soon as either one occurs, it is no longer a sovereignty. All the citizens and people residing in a state's territory must abide by the laws of that state, and that state alone
    
2. Practical sovereignty: in practice, a state sovereignty can be undermined and even fatally weakened by internal revolt, brining with it horrendous consequences for its population. An example is the Lebanese state of the late 1970s/early 1980s. Legally it remained a sovereign state for its territory, but in practice it was reduced to just a few city blocks in Beirut, as the rest was in the hands of militias, and, later, Israeli and Syrian armed forces

• The structure of international society
• The impact of globalisation
• The spread of weapons of mass destruction
• The growth of informal ties
• The rise of new international actors, such as Multi-National Corporations and terrorist organisations
• Neo-colonialism (sometimes also spelled as neocolonialism)

Another term for individual sovereignty is self-ownership. It is the concept of property in one's own person which is expressed as the moral or natural right of a person to have bodily integrity and be the exclusive controller of one's own body. 

Simple terms: you own yourself and you have the right to express yourself

This a controversial political doctrine where all the people have a right to participate in government

This is a concept in the constitutional law of some parliamentary democracies. Parliamentary sovereignty is a principle of the UK constitution, making Parliament the supreme legal authority in the UK which can create or end any law. Generally speaking, the courts cannot overrule its legislation

No Parliament can pass laws that future Parliaments cannot change and in turn, Parliament can undo or change any laws that were passed by a previous Parliament. The fact that Parliament cannot bind its successors is a limit to the current Parliament

a territory where all the people are led by the same government. The people within a nation can be the whole population or a group of people within the territory or country who share history, traditions, culture and/or language. Such a group of people do not have to have a country of their own

some scholars do argue that a nation-state does not really exist. There is no real right or wrong answer here, as others do not agree with that statement and do argue that nation-states exist.

With the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia. It did not create nation-states but nation-states meet the criteria for its component states

1. Sovereignty - the ability to make autonomous decisions for itself
2. Territory - a nation-state cannot be virtual, it needs to own land
3. Population - there must be real people living there that comprise the nation
4. Government - a nation-state is one with some level or organised government that takes care of its common affairs