Types of Taxes

Regressive taxes

Owing to the fact that it is applied to all circumstances and people, no matter who they are, a regressive tax affects low-income earners more heavily than high-income earners. While taxing everybody at an equal rate may be reasonable in some contexts, it is perceived as unfair in others. For example, lower-income households spend a greater percentage of their earnings on housing, meals, and transit. Any tax reduces their potential to pay for these necessities.

Progressive taxes

Progressive taxes are ones that are based on the ability of the individual to pay. It has a lower rate for low-income earners than it does for higher-income earners. This is normally accomplished by categorizing taxpayers into brackets based on their wage levels. For example, the United States' tax system is regarded as progressive.

Proportional taxes

A proportional tax is a type of tax in which everyone pays the exact same percentage tax, irrespective of their earnings. Lower-income, middle-income, and high-income earners all owe the same percentage tax. These taxes are also called flat taxes.

Example of Progressive Tax

There are a few examples of the progressive tax such as:

Capital gains tax

As far as the United States is concerned, any income under $40,000 a year pays 0% in capital gains tax. The middle bracket is from $40,000 to $445,000 which gets taxed at 15%¹, and anything above that gets taxed at 20%.

Luxury sales tax

Because they are flat taxes applied to everyone, normal sales taxes might unfairly burden the poor. Since the impoverished spend a greater portion of their earnings, they pay a higher tax rate. However, a luxury sales tax is only imposed on high-priced items. Rich people can purchase products like expensive cars and designer clothes, so imposing a tax on these sorts of items ensures that sales tax strain is focused less on the poor.

Estate tax

In the United States, the estate tax is 40% on estates priced at more than $5.3 million for a single person and $10.6 million for a couple. Those with a property worth less than this amount pay $0, which implies that 99% of people don't have to pay estate taxes.¹ As a result, only the rich pay it.

Different Types of Taxes

All of the taxes that you will see in this article one way or another comprise a source of the U.S. Federal Government Revenue as shown in the Figure below:

Figure 1. Sources of revenue for the U.S. Federal Government, StudySmarter Originals. Source: DataLab²

As you can see in the Figure above, income taxes represent the majority of where the U.S. Federal Government revenue comes from with social security and corporate taxes being the next largest.

Within the general category of taxes, there are two main ones: direct and indirect.

Direct taxes

Direct taxes are those that cannot be transferred and are paid directly to the government by the taxpaying individual. Depending on the kind of tax imposed, both the federal government and state governments have the opportunity to collect direct taxes.

Many different taxes fall under the category of direct taxes. Some of these include:

Capital Gains Tax

Once an investment is sold and profits are made, capital gains taxes are applied. The tax is on the actual profit that was made from selling it, not how much you get for it. Not many people have capital gains taxes to pay since not everyone is involved with investing.

Corporate Tax

Corporate taxes refer to the taxes that firms have to pay on their profits. The current level of corporate income tax in the United States is 21%.

Income Tax

Income taxes are the taxes that have to be paid on the wages you make. Government income tax, for instance, is both progressive and marginal. Various tax rates for various income levels are said to be marginal. For example, those who are higher earners do pay a higher tax rate, however, that higher tax rate only applies to the funds that are within the higher bracket.

Inheritance Tax

Inheritance tax is a type of tax paid on the benefit of inheriting land or other assets.

Indirect taxes

Indirect taxes are those that can be transferred to another individual. Examples of these include sales tax and service tax.

Sales Tax

This tax is paid by a merchant or seller, who then passes the expense to buyers by imposing sales tax on products and services.

Service Tax

These are taxes that are charged for services provided to customers, like a restaurant check.

Types of Employee Taxes

Employee taxes are the federal taxes that an individual, their company, and their workers must pay. There are many kinds of employee taxes, and the main ones are the following:

Federal

Employers must hold federal taxes from their employees. The quantity withheld is decided by the form that the worker fills out when hired, when their status changes, or when they wish to adjust their withholding amount.

FICA

Employers in the United States must withhold FICA taxes to finance Medicare as well as Social Security from all workers' wages and return the employer and employee shares of the tax to the IRS.

Unemployment

Employers must pay federal unemployment tax (FUTA) in order to offer assistance to workers who have lost their jobs. This tax isn't paid for by the workers themselves. Employers make a contribution depending on their employees' gross pay, taking into account each worker and their maximum wages. In addition to this, a majority of states also require workers to partake in and pay taxes for state unemployment.

Workers' compensation

Firms must contribute to state-run programs that offer compensation to workers who become sick or injured on the job. State workers' reimbursement laws oversee these reimbursements, which are funded by employer payments to state compensation programs for workers.

Types of Corporate Tax

Legally, a corporation is a legal organization seen as separate from its owners for tax reasons and is taxed on company earnings. Corporations are divided into two categories: regular corporations, sometimes called 'C corporations' and 'S corporations'. These corporations then have specific corporate taxes that they are responsible for paying. Some of these include:

Federal income tax

A typical corporation, sometimes known as a 'C corporation' is required to submit an earnings tax return at the conclusion of the fiscal year. The corporation must disclose its income, earnings, losses, deductions, and debts. A company could be taxed anywhere from 15% to 38% depending on its taxable income. Whereas a C company is taxed first to the company and then to the shareholders who receive dividend payouts, an S corporation is taxed exclusively to the corporation's stockholders.

State tax

Corporations could be liable to state taxes on their income as well. Some states, like Nevada, do not tax the income of a corporation. There are some states that levy a fixed rate, and a majority of other states are tax based on which tax bracket the corporation fits into. Furthermore, states have the authority to collect extra taxes, like franchise taxes, which are taxes that corporations pay for being allowed to run their business at all, and also for running their business in a particular location.

Excise tax

Corporations could also be subject to federal excise taxes as well. Corporations often face excise taxes if they make or sell specific items, run specific types of enterprises, utilize specific types of machinery or facilities, or get compensation for specific services. Excise taxes are imposed by the IRS on items such as gas for vehicles and air transportation of persons or things.

Estimated tax

If a firm anticipates owing $500 or more in federal income taxes, it has to make anticipated income tax payments throughout the year. In the case that a corporation neglects to make estimated tax payments, that could result in them being penalized, but if they overpay their expected taxes, they can request a refund.