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Jetzt kostenlos anmeldenHow can we 'catch' and prevent crimes before they are committed?
In this explanation, we will address and go through the various answers to this question.
First, let's look at a definition of crime prevention:
Crime prevention and control strategies refer to society's attempts to curb crimes before they can occur, rather than punishing them after they have been committed.
Now that we are familiar with the meaning of crime prevention, let's go through the various methods through which society attempts to prevent criminal activity.
There are three main crime prevention strategies to be aware of:
Situational crime prevention
Social and community-based crime prevention
Environmental crime prevention
Let's go through each in turn. We will define the strategies and their aims, look at practical examples of their implementation, and assess their advantages and disadvantages.
The various crime prevention mechanisms outlined above and explored below are based on different theoretical understandings of crime. That is, strategies for preventing crime differ according to the beliefs one has about the nature of crime, those who commit it, and how it should be dealt with.
For instance, some believe crime is a symptom of structural issues in society. Others argue it is the result of a breakdown of social norms or inheriting deviant values.
The first and most commonly cited method is situational crime prevention.
Situational crime prevention attempts to reduce opportunities to commit crimes and make it more difficult to break the law in everyday situations. It looks at the types of offences people commit, the places where they offend, and aims to prevent them at the point of their intersection. It is a pre-emptive strategy.
The goal of situational crime prevention is to increase the amount of effort it takes to carry out criminal activity, and reduce the rewards one obtains from it.
Situational crime prevention is based on right realism, specifically 'Rational Choice' theory. You can find out more about different approaches like this one in Sociological Theories of Crime.
An example of situational crime prevention is what is known as target hardening - implementing barriers such as door and window locks, CCTV, security personnel, and anti-climb paint. This serves to remove the opportunity to either break in or commit a robbery.
Another aspect of situational crime prevention is designing out certain features of an area that may enable crime. This can look like installing sloping seats at bus stops or adding armrests in the middle of park benches to prevent homeless people from sleeping on them, or, in more extreme cases, the use of 'anti-homeless architecture' in certain parts of a city or area.
Felson (2002) observed designing out measures being used in the New York Port Authority Bus Terminal. The bathroom areas were used for drug dealing, baggage thefts, rough sleeping, and sexual encounters. The bathroom sinks were made smaller to prevent homeless people from bathing in them.
Designing out can also include spikes, barbed wire, and other features that make it difficult to climb or enter a property.
Situational crime prevention is quite controversial. Let's look at its praises and criticisms.
As with anything, there are disadvantages as well.
This leads to another significant issue with this method, because it does not address the root causes of crime. Criminal activity doesn't usually arise out of nowhere. It is the result of complex societal and cultural factors. Many common crimes such as petty theft or rough sleeping are often due to poverty, deprivation, and inequality.
Situational crime prevention generally only focuses on 'street' crime and the causes behind it. It does not engage with other forms of criminal activity such as interpersonal violence, white-collar crime, and state crimes.
This is a strategy of crime prevention that is founded on a very different ethos from its situational counterpart.
Social and community crime prevention focuses on individual criminal offenders and the social context within which they offend. It aims to pinpoint and treat the causes of the crime rather than the symptoms.
Strategies usually include grouping individuals who are more likely to commit crimes and intervening in some form. Proponents of this method assert that the risk conditions of crime such as poverty, unemployment, lack of housing, etc., need to be urgently addressed to truly eradicate crime.
Some groups in society appear to be more susceptible to the risk conditions, such as low-income populations and some ethnic minority groups. To combat this, interventions that target issues faced by these groups address the social determinants of crime.
This includes methods such as enrolling children in pre-school classes and adults in parenting classes. This attempts to correct low educational attainment and family conflict, both of which may lead to crime.
Real-life examples of social and community crime prevention schemes include:
The Troubled Families Programme established in the UK
The Perry Pre-School Project in the US
These target 'troubled families' and vulnerable children, in order to reduce criminality and other social problems. These initiatives have both proven successful.
Let's study the strengths and weaknesses of this crime control strategy.
As these types of schemes are the most comprehensive at addressing causes of crime, they are also usually the most expensive of all crime prevention methods. They may therefore be difficult to implement on a large enough scale.
The third and final crime control strategy we will cover is environmental crime prevention.
Environmental crime prevention relies on the idea that physical signs of disorder or crime give off the impression that there is low social control/enforcement, which attracts and encourages criminal activity.
Environmental crime prevention is based on right realism, specifically Wilson and Kelling's (1982) 'Broken Windows' theory. Find out more in Sociological Theories of Crime.
The theory states that visible signs of decay in a neighbourhood or area (litter, broken windows, graffiti, abandoned housing) signal public neglect, leading to a fear of crime which prompts ‘respectable’ community members to leave.
This makes it more difficult for the community to maintain order and control anti-social behaviour and so results in the eventual decline of the neighbourhood. Therefore, the environment itself needs to be discouraging towards crime.
Zero tolerance policing (ZTP) is a form of environmental crime prevention where even minor misdemeanours are treated the same as serious crimes in order to discourage them.
Similarly, Antisocial Behaviour Orders (ASBOs) mean that people can potentially be sent to jail for slight acts of deviance. The reasoning behind both is that it is better to prevent the slide into crime than deal with the aftermath.
Like all others, environmental crime prevention has drawbacks and benefits, as follows:
Environmental crime prevention can be disproportionately harsh. ZTP has resulted in people facing severe consequences such as losing their jobs. ASBOs can also give people criminal records even if they did not commit any crimes.
Techniques such as zero-tolerance have been deemed unnecessary, as crime has decreased in countries that did not adopt such techniques.
Environmental crime prevention strategies can feed prejudice - assuming an area is more prone to crime because it looks 'rough' is not always accurate or warranted.
ZTP often disproportionately affects ethnic minorities due to biases.
Situational crime prevention is a strategy that aims to reduce opportunities for criminal activity. It looks at the types of offences people commit, as well the places where they offend; it aims to prevent them at the point of their intersection.
Examples of crime prevention techniques include target hardening, designing out features, social interventions, zero-tolerance policing, and anti-social behaviour orders.
Crime prevention is important because it attempts to prevent crimes before they occur. This can save victims of crime from potential harm.
Police play an integral part in environmental crime prevention, such as zero-tolerance policing.
The three types of crime prevention are situational, social and community-based, and environmental crime prevention.
What is victimisation in sociology?
The study of who the victims of crime are, why some groups are more likely to become victims, and whether they are more susceptible to this because of certain characteristics.
Provide a definition of 'victim'.
A person who has suffered physical, mental, emotional, or financial harm or loss as a result of a crime.
Why is it important to study victims?
To understand the circumstances of their victimhood, ensure they get justice, prevent further victimisation and keep the criminal justice process running.
What does examining patterns of victimisation tell us?
The likelihood of victimisation is significantly affected by factors such as gender, class, ethnicity, age, (dis)ability, and whether they have already been a victim before.
Give an example of a subset of people that is at the highest risk of victimisation in their social group.
According to the Crime Survey of England and Wales (2019), mixed-race people are the most likely to be victimised across all ethnic minority groups.
Why are people who live in areas of high unemployment and deprivation more likely to be victimised?
Crime rates are higher in such areas due to low enforcement of social control and the lack of security systems.
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