E. E. Cummings

Poets have long sought to inject their own personal style into the poems that they write. Few have been more successful in crafting instantly-recognizable, unique poems than American poet E.E. Cummings. Cummings, whose name is often stylized as e.e. cummings, wrote books, sonnets, and poetry collections that feature his singular poetic style.

E.E. Cummings Biography

E.E. Cummings (1894-1962) was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His full name was Edward Estlin Cummings, which he shortened to E.E. throughout his life. From a very young age, Cummings was interested in poetry. He began a daily practice of writing poetry at the age of 8, which he continued until he was 22. Cummings attended Harvard University, where he received a Bachelor of Arts and Master's degree.

In 1917, Cummings joined the American war effort in World War I as a member of the Ambulance Corps. Cummings was a pacifist and served in the War via the Ambulance Corps, where he was not involved in the fighting. Cummings was stationed in France, where he became friends with a fellow American also in the Ambulance Corps, writer William Slater Brown.

Fig. 1 - Cummings (not pictured) drove an ambulance during World War I.

Cummings and Brown were arrested by the French in September of 1917 for suspected espionage and detained in a French internment camp. Cummings was released after nearly four months. After returning to the United States, Cummings was drafted into the army in 1918 and served a training deployment.

Cummings spent two years in Paris from 1921 to 1923; during this time he published his first book, The Enormous Room (1922), and his first poetry collection, Tulips and Chimneys (1923). Throughout the 1920s, Cummings continued to publish poetry that was regarded as avant-garde and highly unique. For the next two decades, Cummings was often found traveling – back to Paris, throughout the Soviet Union, within Mexico, and across Northern Africa.

Later in his life, Cummings gave a series of famous lectures at Harvard University, his alma mater, which he later published entitled six nonlectures (1953). He spent his time traveling and attending various functions where he was the main speaker. He was awarded numerous fellowships in his lifetime, including two Guggenheim Fellowships and an Academy of American Poets fellowship.

E.E. Cummings Cause of Death

Later in life, Cummings spent his time alternately traveling and residing at his home in New Hampshire. It was during his later years in life that Cummings delivered the lecture series that would later be published, known as his nonlectures. Cummings died of a stroke in New Hampshire when he was 67 years old.

Works by E.E. Cummings

Throughout his lifetime, Cummings produced thousands of poems along with books, plays, and even paintings.

Books by E.E. Cummings

Cummings’s first book, The Enormous Room (1922), was published after he had returned to Paris and was based on his experiences during the First World War, particularly his time spent in the internment camp. After his travels throughout the Soviet Union in the 30s, Cummings published Eimi (1933) which was a travel diary about his time spent in the USSR.

In addition to his more traditional books, Cummings published a play entitled Him (1928). It was a three-act play that contained numerous vignettes and an unorthodox structure. His most successful play during his lifetime was his 1946 production Santa Claus: A Morality.

Poems by E.E. Cummings

E.E. Cummings’s first poetry collection was published in 1923, entitled Tulips and Chimneys. The collection was heavily edited before publication and many of the poems that Cummings wanted to include were excluded. As a result, two years later he published & (1925), a second poetry collection that included all of the poems that were meant to be in Tulips and Chimneys but were left out by the editors.

Sonnets by E.E. Cummings

Many of Cummings’s poems were actually sonnets. Disguised by his unique approach to capitalization and punctuation, his poems might not be instantly recognizable as sonnets. However, his poems such as “life is more true than reason will deceive” and “being to timelessness as it’s to time” each consist of fourteen lines made up of three quatrains and a couplet.

Fig. 2 - Side profile portrait of E. E. Cummings.

E.E. Cummings Quotes

This quotation comes from one of Cummings’s Harvard nonlectures, the series of lectures he gave at the University. This quotation exemplifies Cummings’s approach to poetry – individuality. His unique poetic expression is clear to see in his poetry and its unconventional structure and style.

This, from Cummings’s 1940 poem 'anyone lived in a pretty how town', is a prime example of Cummings’s poetic style. He uses unconventional syntax and word order while ignoring the prevailing norms of capitalization and punctuation.

E.E. Cummings Writing Style

Cummings had a distinct writing style that makes much of his poetry instantly recognizable. His poetry is characterized by his disregard for conventional capitalization and punctuation. His poetry is best categorized as Modernist free-verse poetry. He often changed up the spacing and line variations in his poems, and if he couldn’t find a word to suit his authorial sensibilities, Cummings had no issue with inventing his own compound word to suit his purposes.

Despite many of his poems being free verse, and many having a seemingly free verse structure, Cummings also wrote poetry that utilized his unique application of syntax and punctuation but in a 14-line sonnet-esque structure.

Thematically, Cummings wrote most often and most profoundly about love. Many of his most famous poems, such as “i carry your heart with me (i carry it in)” (1952) and “[since feeling is first]” (1926), are love poems. He also wrote many erotic poems. Additionally, his natural imagery and use of nature was consistent throughout almost all of his poems, regardless of their subject matter

1. E.E. Cummings. i: six nonlectures. 1953

2. E.E. Cummings. 'anyone lived in a pretty how town'. 1940.