Equality

Equality meaning

In this explanation, we will primarily refer to the meaning of social equality. Before delving into definitions of this "type" of equality, let's try to break down equality as a concept.

As we have seen with the above mathematical equations, equality is the status of two parts being equal. In societal settings, we would speak of two individuals or groups being equal.

Social equality relates to four types of equalities or pillars of equality:

1. ontological equality,

2. equality of opportunities,

3. equality of condition,

4. and equality of outcome.

In the next section, we will look at these in more detail to break down some of the theories.

Equality theories

Let's now look at the main theoretical pillars of equality. We will refer to how such pillars are translated into political, economic and philosophical thought. These equality theories are ontological equality, equality of opportunity, equality of conditions, and equality of outcome.

Ontological equality

Equality is, as we have said, the status of two parts, or individuals in the case of social equality, being equal. This status can be described as ontological equality. Ontological means 'of the being'.

John Locke, an English philosopher, is one of the leading thinkers of the Enlightenment, the philosophy at the base of the French Revolution and the United States Declaration of Independence. John Locke argued that all men have some set of equal natural rights: the rights to life, liberty, and property.Naturally, the ontological equality that inspired movements in the 18th century was flawed: think about that while the US declared its independence and recognised equality, slavery was the backbone of American society.

Fig. 1 An old transcript of the US Declaration of Independence, a groundbreaking text for its time since it allegedly centred on equality.

Equality of opportunity

The second pillar of equality is equality of opportunity.

Equality of opportunity signifies that all individuals have an equal likelihood of success; in other words, the way to "success", particularly socio-economic comfort, is the same for everyone regardless of their identity.

This pillar was at the heart of the civil rights movement in the 1960s. Against the racist laws of the US at the time, these activists argued that their race should not determine their opportunities. Anti-racist demands today, such as the Black Lives Matter movement, are based on equality of condition and outcome, and not just of opportunity.

Equality of conditions

Equality is also based on equality of conditions, meaning that everyone should have an equal starting point in their life or that advantages and privileges should not exist.

In our society, equality of conditions is protected but rarely the actual scenario. Race, class, gender, sexuality, and many other aspects of identity make people's lives unequal from the beginning. The way to respond to this one should adjust the structure of society, hence eliminating structural barriers to access equal opportunities.

Equality of outcome

Equality of outcome is the fourth pillar of equality. It signifies that all individuals should have the same gains for equality to happen. This is crucial for socialism and communism economic thought, as we will see later.

This pillar of equality often stands in contradiction with equality of opportunity. If everyone is given the same opportunities, the outcome rarely will be the same for everyone. This is, again, due to structural factors that discriminate against people and that can be fixed through equity.

Economic equality

Fig. 2 Socialist revolutions and manifestations demand economic equality and a transformation of the capitalist system.

Equality is a crucial principle in socialism. In particular, socialists aim at economic equality in their fight against capitalism.

Moreover, the pillar of equality on which socialism and economic equality base themselves is equality of outcomes. In other words, everyone should have the same gains. This contradicts Liberalism which is based on equality of opportunity.

According to socialists, the capitalist system is unequal in its structure, and no one can ever have the same opportunities. By centring on equality of outcomes, socialism believes that we should restructure the system so everyone can achieve the same goals by eliminating advantages and privileges instead of giving everyone equal opportunities without adjusting the system.

Equality, Equity and Justice

The adjustments theorised by socialism aim to create a situation of equity, not just equality.

So what is justice?

Justice: Justice can be described as the state of equity that has been ingrained into society to create fair, long-term equal systems.

Gender equality

Gender equality is one of the pillars of feminism. At the same time, it has been the cause of some discussions within this school of thought.

The demand for equality between genders comes from the view that gender is a social construct, which means that, as with other identity cues such as race, class, or disability, gender determines one’s participation and privileges in society. Equality feminism, hence, demands gender equality in the economic, labour, and social spheres of life. Moreover, they demand equality in the domestic sphere.

Equality in liberal, socialist and radical feminism

This notion of equality can go hand in hand with liberalism and give birth to liberal feminism. Liberal feminists believe in equality because they believe that non-cis-male individuals should be free to compete in the socio-economic sphere alongside men. This sort of thought calls for an equal rights agenda based on equality of opportunity. An example of equality of opportunity crucial for women's empowerment in society is equality of education for all people regardless of their gender.

However, socialist feminism believes that equal rights will not signify gender equality unless the capitalist liberal system is transformed. They see the latter as the root of the problem of gender inequality, as capitalism can only survive by exploiting non-cis-male individuals’ unwaged labour.

Radical feminists theorise gender equality in the domestic sphere as well. They believe in the reformation of the domestic sphere, the control over women’s bodies, and the discourse on their sexual expression.

Therefore, radical and socialist feminism all favour equality of outcome and conditions over equality of opportunities. These demands drive politics based on levelling the conditions that create inequality in outcomes based on gender. For instance, in the case of equality of education, these feminists would demand the elimination of factors that can make it harder for non-cis-male people to stay in education, such as domestic roles.

Fig. 3 Many feminists today demand equality in the labour market and freedom from society's control of bodies, such as the protest in Poland, pictured above, which stems from equality of conditions

Equality Act

The above pillars of equality that we saw manifested in socialist and feminist thought have informed policies and legislation in many countries. These can be called anti-discrimination laws.

An example of anti-discrimination legislation is the Equality Act of 2010 in the UK. This act concerns discrimination in the workplace and broader society.

This legislation recognises that specific characteristics, named 'protected characteristics', are more likely to be the object of discrimination. The Act, therefore, makes it illegal to discriminate against individuals based on their:

• age

• gender reassignment

• being married or in a civil partnership

• being pregnant or on maternity leave

• disability

• race including colour, nationality, ethnic or national origin

• religion or belief

• sex

• sexual orientation²

We could say that the act is based on equality of opportunity since it aims at eliminating discrimination but does not necessarily propose levelling mechanisms for making the conditions of society, and not just the opportunities of access, equal. At the same time, the act does provide rules to adjust the conditions of equality between disabled and non-disabled people.