Expansionist Nationalism

Expansionist Nationalism types

Expansionist nationalism manifests in many different forms. Below is a table exploring some of these different types. You may notice that different expansionist nationalism types often overlap.

Expansionist Nationalism thinkers

While there have been several important thinkers, arguably the most important expansionist nationalism thinker was Charles Maurras (1868-1952). Maurras is most widely known as being the founder of what he called integral nationalism. Integral nationalism promotes aggressive expansionism and calls for the total submission of one's self to their nation. It is an extremely chauvinistic and regressive concept.

These ideas emerged in response to the French Revolution, which according to Maurras, led to the decline of the French state. Maurras believed that the removal of the monarchy and the formation of a republic, which occurred as a result of the revolution, had led to a loss of the essence of the French nation. He believed in the presence of a strong state and the restoration of laws and order, this could be achieved through a strong military, and the ideology supported the idea that nations should retain a prevalent military ethos. These ideas heavily influenced expansionist nationalism.

Portrait of Charles Maurras, Studio Harcourt, CC0-1.0, commons.wikimedia.org

Expansionist Nationalism example

Expansionist nationalism is most often used in reference to the militaristic governments of the 20th century. The events in Nazi Germany are the most famous expansionist nationalism example, though the term actually emerged in the late 19th century during the 'scramble for Africa'.

The colonisation of Africa by European Powers, DrRandom Factors, CC-1.0, Wikimedia Commons

Example 1: The Scramble for Africa

The 'scramble for Africa' refers to a period that began in the 1880s where European powers invaded, divided and colonised Africa. In 1870 European powers maintained control over 10% of Africa; however, after the 'scramble for Africa', by 1914, European powers had control over 90% of Africa.¹

In contrast to early periods of expansion, the 'scramble for Africa' was characterised by popular support for expansion from those who resided within the European nations. Expanding into Africa and acquiring more territory for European empires was seen as a status of the empire's prestige. There was vast public approval for expansionism, and within the United Kingdom under the British Empire, the concept of jingoism emerged.

During the 'scramble for Africa', European powers positioned themselves as superior to African nations. They believed that the white people of Europe and North America were intellectually superior and more 'civilised' than Africans. Therefore, expansion was not posed solely as a way to gain more prestige but as a moral obligation in order to bring about the 'liberation' of Africans from 'barbarism'. Whilst the 'scramble for Africa' was largely an imperialist venture in which multiple European empires sought to expand their power, there were elements of other forms of expansionist nationalism as well, such as racial conquest and militarism.

Whilst the term expansionist nationalism emerged from the 'scramble for Africa', it is useful to know some other historical applications of expansionist nationalism in order for you to get a more well-rounded understanding of what expansionist nationalism looks like in practice. The Nazi regime in Germany is a good example to use in your exams when discussing expansionist nationalism and demonstrates pan-nationalism with elements of racial conquest.

Example 2: Germany and Lebensraum

Map showing German expansionism during World War ll, Ianjameslyon, CC-BY-SA-3.0, Wikimedia Commons

Under the rule of Adolf Hitler, the Nazi regime in Germany between the years 1938 and 1945 began enacting an expansionist plan based on pan-nationalist ideas; in fact, this particular form of pan-nationalism is often referred to as pan-Germanism. This expansion can be seen in the map above. This expansion was based on the idea of 'lebensraum'.

Lebensraum translates to 'living space'; these territories would provide Germans with adequate land in order to live sufficiently. Hitler's plan to expand did not stop there. Due to his initial military success and his successful invasions, Hitler's vision for expansionism grew beyond Eastern Europe. Hitler's new vision sought the expansion of Germany across Europe, Asia and Africa. Nazi Germany serves as an example of how under expansionist nationalism, there is a strong emphasis on militarism often paired with the desire to achieve self-determination of one's own nation at the expense of others.

German expansion also had elements of racial conquest, in which Germans and the Aryan race were viewed as racially superior. Therefore they were entitled to claim the territory of others and restore Germany to its former glory.