You suddenly have amazing superhuman strength! You can lift cars and even fly! You are a hero and the crowd is cheering for you!
Then you realize you are deep in a daydream in the middle of your geography class. Daydreaming is actually an altered state of consciousness, but it is not the only one.
- What are states of consciousness?
- What are the different levels of consciousness?
- What are altered states of consciousness?
- What are some examples of states of consciousness in psychology?
Meaning of the States of Consciousness
What does it mean to be conscious? Generally, consciousness means you are aware of yourself and your environment. Being conscious enables you to analyze, compare, and interpret experiences. When you are conscious, you combine what you know, what you perceive, and what you anticipate into one whole.
Our minds are like two-way highways, with information constantly driving into and out of our minds. Conscious awareness is the road itself. It is how we send out and receive information about ourselves and the world. Consciousness requires mental energy, and we sleep to recharge the energy we need to maintain consciousness.
Imagine you just traveled on a jet across several time zones. You have been awake for over 24 hours, and you have never felt this tired before. At that moment, are you just as conscious as you were before beginning your trip? Can you take in and send out information in the same way you could before boarding that plane?
Tiredness or mental fatigue impacts our state of consciousness. There are two daytime states of consciousness we should mention: daydreaming and attention.
Daydreaming
Daydreaming is a change in consciousness that happens without any effort as a temporary escape from reality or day-to-day responsibilities.
It is up to our reticular formation to keep us alert and focused on our tasks. This portion of the brain is also known as the pons. It bridges our cerebellum and our medulla, as well as our cerebral hemispheres.
If your reticular formation is not up to the challenge of keeping you alert (like when you are really tired or jet-lagged), you will find yourself drifting away in thought. This can happen as you are sitting in class or riding in a car. Images and off-topic thoughts form an inner reality or state of consciousness that fills your mind. Sometimes we daydream when we lack stimulation or are really bored.
Attention
What about when you are focused and engaged? This is the state of consciousness called attention. It requires mental energy! We can intentionally focus our attention on something, or something might catch our attention without any direction from us. Probably the most important aspect of attentive consciousness is that we can only pay attention to one thing at a time. We often try to split our focused attention onto more than one thing at a time (multitasking), but the result is actually just us moving our attention very quickly from one thing to another.
The Different Levels of Consciousness
Have you ever fainted or seen someone faint? When we faint, we experience unconsciousness. Did you know that there are actually other levels of consciousness, besides just conscious or unconscious? There are actually four levels of consciousness: Waking conscious, preconscious, unconscious, and nonconscious.
Waking conscious: alert, awake, and sometimes attentive.
Preconscious: thoughts and feelings floating on the surface of your consciousness that you can easily retrieve or recall.
Unconscious: also called the subconscious, the part of your mind that is outside of your conscious awareness.
Nonconscious: mental processes involved in automatic processes like breathing, blood flow, and hormone secretion. Also involved in simple sensation processing like judging size or distance and recognizing patterns.
At this point, you might be confused about the difference between unconscious and unconsciousness. Is there a difference? Yes!
The unconscious is a part of your mind that is usually outside your conscious awareness. It operates while you are conscious throughout the day. Unconsciousness is a state of losing all consciousness of yourself and your environment, like when you faint.
The unconscious is a level of consciousness, and unconsciousness is a state of consciousness.
Altered States of Consciousness
What are the different types that are considered altered states?
Hypnosis
In many films and TV shows, the main character ends up the victim of a state of hypnosis. They may act foolishly for laughs, do devious acts thanks to the hypnotic powers of a villain, or exhibit mysterious actions without warning. All of this is just for entertainment purposes and not real hypnosis. Despite the mystery surrounding it, hypnosis can be a useful tool in psychological and therapeutic settings for those seeking help with their anxieties and stresses. What is hypnosis as a state of consciousness?
Hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness achieved through deep relaxation and extremely high suggestibility. Under hypnosis, people perceive reality differently. Those changes can then change that person's behavior. What does a hypnotized person experience? Some reports say a hypnotized person feels like they are sinking or floating without any movement or sensation. There are also reports of hallucinations involving smell, taste, or sight.
Researchers believe there is a division of consciousness when someone is hypnotized. One part of the person's consciousness splits from the rest. This division of consciousness is two or more streams of consciousness split up from each other. These different streams of consciousness allow the hypnotized person to be able to listen and receive instruction from the professional.
Dissociation
Ernest Hilgard developed a new theory of dissociation. Hilgard conducted experimental trials where he used hypnosis on a willing person. While the participant was under hypnosis, Hilgard would submerge the person's arm in ice-cold water. He told the person to press a button if they felt any pain. Despite no outward signs of pain, the participants pressed the button. Hilgard realized that there was a split in consciousness, allowing behaviors and thoughts to occur simultaneously.
Hallucinations and Hallucinogens
Distorted perceptions and sensory images that seem to come from nowhere are the work of hallucinogenic drugs. Drugs like marijuana and LSD are considered hallucinogenic drugs, and their effects are other-worldly at times. LSD is reported to open up passages to a "higher understanding" or another consciousness. Most often, LSD puts you in a dream-like state of consciousness where you feel separated from your body. Some who experiment with LSD say that it puts them at a higher level of awareness.
Examples of the States of Consciousness in Psychology
In the 1800s, Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchner wanted to understand consciousness related to the structure of the mind. Wilhelm Wundt dedicated much of his research to the scientific study of the immediate conscious experiences of sensation. As structuralists, Wundt and Titchener focused on the structure of the mind and identifying the basic elements of consciousness (sensations, feelings, and images) through the use of trained introspection.
What do psychologists study about consciousness? Well, there are several different things. One of them is sleep and the levels of consciousness we go through during sleep. Another is dreams. Is our state of consciousness different during our dreams from when we are just sleeping? One other topic psychologists are interested in is meditation, another altered form of consciousness.
Sleep and Consciousness
Sleep is an important function for humans. It takes up a large chunk of time within our existence. There are five levels of consciousness during sleep: semi-wakeful or hypnagogic state, non-rem 1, non-rem 2, non-rem 3, and REM.
Rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep) is a semi-conscious sleep state. This stage of the sleep cycle is a vital part of sleep. Our muscles relax as if we are completely asleep, but our body's systems are active and running. REM sleep is also called paradoxical sleep.
What other aspects of sleep show variances in consciousness? Would you believe that you can hallucinate in your sleep? Many of those who claim to be abducted by aliens often describe how the incident happened as they were going to sleep. Did they experience these occurrences, or were they hallucinations?
Dreams and Consciousness
Why do we dream that our teeth fall out? Why do we dream that we are lost? Do our dreams have deeper meanings? Psychologists are interested in answering these questions! There are many theories about why we dream. One common theory is that dreaming is a means of processing and filing away our memories. Research shows that the same areas of our brain that process new information are active as we venture into REM sleep. Most of our dreaming happens during REM sleep as well!
Creating new neural pathways is another theory about why we dream. Children need much more sleep than adults, and they tend to dream more often as well. Children take in so much new information every day, dreaming could be one way that all of this information is processed and stored away.
Meditation as an Altered State of Consciousness
Meditation is an altered state of consciousness? Yes! There are strong scientific findings supporting this.
Meditation is a state of inner peace and calmness accessed through specific conscious-altering techniques that are often religious in nature.
Electroencephalograms (EEGs) of those who meditate show a pattern of alpha waves (wave patterns in our brain that are natural) that have the same characteristics of relaxed wakefulness. There are unconscious changes in our physiological patterns as well! While in a deep meditative state, your heart rate slows down, your breathing rate slows down, and your blood pressure lowers. These are activations of the parasympathetic nervous system, or our relaxation system.
States of Consciousness - Key takeaways
- Generally, consciousness means you are aware of yourself and your environment.
- One of the most important aspects of attentive consciousness is that we can only pay attention to one thing at a time.
- There are four levels of consciousness: Waking conscious, preconscious, unconscious, and nonconscious.
- Hypnosis, dissociation, hallucinations, and meditation are altered states of consciousness.
- We pass through several different levels of consciousness during sleep, including REM sleep.
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