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Connotative meaning, or connotation, has to do with the socially acquired value of words. In other words, connotative meaning explains the extra meaning of words.
Connotative meaning is also known as associated meaning, implied meaning, or secondary meaning. Associated meaning is the meaning that becomes attached to a word because of its use but is not part of the core sense of the word.
The opposite of connotative meaning is denotative meaning, which is the literal meaning of the word.
Each individual has a different association with a word based on their personal feelings and background, which means that connotative meaning is a cultural or emotional association to a word or phrase. The word 'baby' has a literal, or denotative, meaning. A baby is an infant. But if a grown man is called a 'baby', the connotation is negative; he is acting like a child.
Tip: the 'con' in the word 'connote' comes from the Latin for 'in addition'. So the connotation of the word is 'extra' to the main meaning.
Connotation is a meaning in addition to the meaning you find in a dictionary. Because of this, it is not always easy to interpret the meaning of a word based on the word's literal meaning alone.
For example, when we use the word 'dinner', there is a range of possible connotations. Aside from the dictionary definition ('a meal'), there are associated meanings: for one person, dinner is a time of joy, togetherness, conversation or debate, and laughter. For another person, dinner evokes feelings of loneliness, conflict, or silence. For a third, it evokes memories of kitchen aromas and certain childhood foods. The word 'dinner' has a range of connotations based on individual experiences.
Connotative Meaning of Dinner, pixaby.com
Here's another example. If we call someone rich we can use a number of different words: loaded, privileged, wealthy, affluent. These words all have the literal meaning of rich. However, connotation introduces negative and positive meanings that inform the reader about how an individual views a rich person.
There are three types of connotative meanings: positive, negative, and neutral. The classification is based on what kind of response the word generates.
Compare the sentences below and see if you can feel the different tone each connotation provokes:
If you think extraordinary implies positive emotions, unusual implies a neutral value, and weird gives negative associations, you'd be correct!
Here are some examples of the different types of connotation:
| Positive connotation | Neutral connotation | Negative connotation |
| unique | different | peculiar |
| interested | curious | nosy |
| extraordinary | unusual | weird |
| determined | strong-willed | stubborn |
| employ | use | exploit |
Connotative meanings are not only classified according to the positive / negative / neutral value a word or phrase has. Instead, there are certain forms of connotative meaning we must look at to understand the many emotional and cultural associations involved in connotative meaning.
Forms of connotative meaning were first offered by Dickens, Hervey and Higgins (2016).
| Forms of Connotative Meaning | Explanation | Example |
| Associative Meaning | The overall meaning which has expectations associated with the individual. | A nurse is commonly associated with the female gender, which has meant society has adopted male nurse to counteract the feminine association with the word nurse. |
| Attitudinal Meaning | The part of an overall meaning of an expression that is influenced by a more widespread attitude to the individual. | The derogatory term 'pigs' is assigned to police officers. It is implied that the speaker or writer dislikes police officers in general by referring to the collective as pigs rather than a dislike for a particular police officer. |
| Affective Meaning | The additional meaning of the word conveyed by tonal register, which includes vulgar, polite, or formal. Politeness itself carries meaning according to how a speaker addresses other individuals or learned behaviors such as holding doors open. | Can you think of a difference between UK and US speaker's idea of politeness? |
| Allusive meaning | When an expression evokes an associated saying or quotation in a certain way. This shows that the meaning of the saying becomes part of the overall meaning of the expression. | When an author unconsciously refers to other novels in its title, or if the title of their book involves an allusion: Aldous Huxley's Brave New World (1932) alludes to Shakepeare's The Tempest (1611). |
| Reflected Meaning | This is a function of polysemy, and involves the existence of two or more denotative meanings for one word. | If we were to refer to a person as a rat: Advice - a person who betrays their friend. Rat - the image of a dirty animal. |
| Geographical Dialect-related Meaning | The speech variety in regions or geographic borders and the meanings we attach to an individual's accent or dialect. | If we know what a Yorkshire or Scottish accent sounds like, we can understand that an individual is from Yorkshire or Scotland. We also associate stereotypical values with the individual's character or personality. |
| Temporal dialect-related meaning | This is another speech variety that tells us when the speaker is from. | An example includes Shakespeare's plays, which tell us that his speakers are from the sixteenth century and have a specific attitude towards sixteenth-century politics and religion. |
| Emphasis (emphatic meaning) | This involves effect / affect in language and literature. | Emphasis is found in devices such as parallelism, alliteration, rhyme, exclamation marks in writing, metaphor, and emphatic particles including 'so'. (That's so funny!) |
Writers often use various connotative meanings, such as emphasis, to create multiple layers of meaning in a story. Connotation is found in figurative language which is any word or phrase used that has different meanings from the literal meaning. Figurative language involves figures of speeches such as metaphors, similes, metonymy, and personification. Let's look at some examples of figures of speeches which have non-literal, or connotative meanings, in Literature.
Metaphor directly refers to one thing as another thing to express the similarities between them.
"Hope" is the thing with feathers -
That perches in the soul -
And sings the tune without the words -
And never stops - at all -
- '"Hope" is The Thing with Feathers' by Emily Dickinson (1891).
In this poem, the literal meaning of hope is used. However, hope is referred to as a feathered entity that is perched in the human soul and constantly singing. In other words, Dickinson gives the word hope a connotative meaning. The thing then has emotional meaning in addition to its literal meaning.
Simile compares two things using connecting words such 'as' or 'like' to make the comparisons.
O my Luve is like a red, red rose
That's newly jump in June;
O my Luve is like the melody
That's sweetly played in tune
- 'A Red, Red Rose' by Robert Burns (1794).
Burns compares the narrator's love to a red rose that is freshly sprung in June and to a beautiful tune being played. Love is described as something beautiful, vivid, and soothing, like a rose. The connecting words 'like' help to add additional and emotional meaning to the red, red roses.
Metonymy refers to a replacement of a thing by the name of something closely associated with it.
When I consider how my light is spent,
Ere half my days, in this dark world and wide,
And that one talent which is death to hide
Lodged with me useless, though my soul more bent
- 'Sonnet XIX' by John Milton (1652).
This requires some background information. By 1652, Milton had become totally blind. The poem can be interpreted as Milton replacing the word 'sight' with my light. The sonnet reflects how the speaker faces both the physical and psychological challenges brought about by his blindness, for as a writer and translator he depended on his sight. As a poem about faith, how can Milton use his talents to serve God? Can he totally achieve an enlightened path without his sight?
Personification is the use of human characters to represent abstract ideas, animals, or inanimate things.
Earth trembl'd from her entrails, as again
In pangs, and Nature gave a second groan,
Sky lowe'r'd, and muttering Thunder, some sad drops
Wept at completing the mortal Sin
Original.
- 'Paradise Lost' by John Milton (1667).
In 'Paradise Lost', Milton portrays Nature as if it had human qualities or characteristics. Nature, thunder, and sky are given extra associated meaning because they cannot literally weep about mortal sin. The poem describes Nature as having the human trait of being able to weep. This suggests an emotional association with the image of a weeping nature.
Connotative meaning is the opposite of denotative meaning, but how different are they? What happens if a writer uses denotation instead of connotation to describe a scene? To answer these questions, let's start with the meaning of denotation.
Denotative meaning is the literal definition of a word. Unlike connotative meaning, it does not involve cultural or emotional associations to a word or phrase. Because of this, denotative meaning is also often called the literal meaning, explicit meaning, or dictionary definition.
Now we know the difference between the two terms, let's use our knowledge for writing purposes!
Let's say we are writing a scene about a man who has just arrived in Hollywood. What do you think about when you hear the word 'Hollywood'?
The man could be returning to Hollywood, his home. Or, he could be an aspiring actor who hopes to 'make-it-big' in Hollywood.
Connotative Meaning example, pixaby.com
The connotative meanings a word carries can be different for different people, and we must watch out for implied or extra meanings in literature and everyday language.
Connotation is the range of cultural or emotional associations produced by a word or phrase.
Other names for connotative meaning include associated meaning, implied meaning, or secondary meaning.
The types of connotations are positive, negative, and neutral connotations.
Denotative meaning refers to the literal definition of a word or phrase, whereas connotative meaning refers to the “extra” or associated meaning of a word or phrase.
An example would be the word 'blue'. Whilst the denotative (literal) meaning refers to a colour, the connotative meaning could be:
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