The French Wars of Religion were a series of civil wars between Protestant Huguenots and the Catholic kings between 1562 and 1598. How did religious differences lead to such bloodshed? Was there a winner or a loser? This article will explore these questions and offer a better understanding of the circumstances of these terrible wars.
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Jetzt kostenlos anmeldenThe French Wars of Religion were a series of civil wars between Protestant Huguenots and the Catholic kings between 1562 and 1598. How did religious differences lead to such bloodshed? Was there a winner or a loser? This article will explore these questions and offer a better understanding of the circumstances of these terrible wars.
French kings believed that they were God's representatives on Earth, making them divine. This role meant that they had to safeguard their people against heresy. The king also controlled all French Church appointments, shifting the loyalty of priests to the king over the Church and religion. Therefore, there was no separation between Church and State. These royal appointments were more political than spiritual, leading to resentment from the French. New Protestant ideas from Martin Luther and John Calvin used this resentment to further their religious agenda.
Both political and religious reasons caused the wars. Protestant nobility led the resistance movement against an unstable monarchy produced by a series of three very young, weak kings due to King Henri II's untimely death in 1559. The kings could not stick to a steady religious policy despite the Protestant threat. The nobles took advantage of the monarchy's weakness to push forward their own political and religious agendas.
Social justice and religious fervor incited the common people to revolt. The nobility abused the peasant class by demanding more taxes and more labor from them, such as repairing roads in addition to their regular duties. The Catholic Church also ordered that peasants pay them ten percent of their income in tithes. Militant Calvinism offered an outlet to vent their frustration by smashing symbols of the Catholic faith, such as stained-glass windows and statues of saints. The Catholics responded with bloodshed.
Tithe:
A tithe is a designated donation to the Church, the State, or any institution, demanding an offering of one-tenth of a person's wealth.
The Wars resulted in a devastating loss of life on the Catholic and Protestant sides. In addition, they wrecked the French economy and caused even greater divides between the upper and lower classes. This wealth divide caused even more social tensions. Some historians argue that these social divides led to the French Revolution in 1789.
Attempts at religious unity gave way to compromise with the Edict of Nantes, which made France officially Catholic but offered tolerance to Protestants. However, this was only the case in certain areas. Cities like Paris banned Protestant worship altogether. However, the Edict did not remove the Catholic majority's prejudice against Huguenots. Persecution against the minority religion continued, and in 1685 King Louis XIV revoked the Edict, demanding Catholic unity in France.
Politically, the Wars led a group of moderates called politiques to realize that the only way to achieve peace was to strengthen the monarchy. King Henri IV successfully stabilized the royal treasury and paid off the Crown's war debts, allowing France to regain its status as a powerful State. His reforms caused the rise of absolutism in France, strengthening the Crown's power for the reign of the Sun King, Louis XIV.
Protestantism, especially the sect led by Jean Calvin, exploded in popularity in the early sixteenth century. One potential reason was the proximity of Southern France to Calvin's stronghold in Geneva, allowing missionaries easy access to potential converts. By 1559, approximately one-tenth of French people were Calvinists. Calvinists, called Huguenots in France, fundamentally disagreed with Catholicism, especially on the use of sacred images and Communion. They began to assert their religious differences in 1534 publically.
The true origins of the name Huguenots are still unclear. One theory is that they were named after Besançon Hughes, a French reformer based in Geneva with Jean Calvin.
Jean Calvin (1509-1564)
Jean Calvin was a French leader of Protestant Reformation thought. His teachings differed from the Catholic Church primarily on how to achieve salvation. Catholics believed that one needed to perform good works in order to go to heaven.
Calvin believed instead in predestination, which states that God has already chosen, or preordained, who will enter heaven and no amount of good works could change that. Calvin's views directly threatened the Catholic Church and he fled to a more receptive Geneva early in the French Religious Wars.
Catherine de Medici, Queen of France 1547-1589
Queen Catherine was consort to King Henri II. After his untimely death, she remained a strong political influence over her sons, the following three French kings. Catherine poured her energy into efforts to provide a truce between Huguenots and Catholics and bring peace. However, her attempts proved unsuccessful and pleased no one. Her memory is blemished by an unkind nickname, "Madame le Serpent," given because of her political cunning, which was not considered appropriate for a woman in this period.
War | Why? | Who Won? | How did it end? |
First 1562-1563 | Catholic Francis, Duke of Guise, slaughtered 3,000 Huguenots worshipping on his land. | Catholics | Edict of Amboise by Queen Catherine offered limited Huguenot religious freedom. |
Second 1567-1568 | Huguenots slaughtered Catholic clergy in Nimes. | Catholics | Peace of Lonjeameau, which didn't satisfy either side. |
Third 1568-1570 | Catholics revoked religious freedoms for Huguenots. | Stalemate | Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, where Huguenots regained some lost freedoms. |
War | Why? | Who Won? | How did it end? |
Fourth 1572-1573 | The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in which Catholics slaughter two thousand Hugonotes. | Catholics | The Edict of Boulogne limited Huguenot rights even more. |
Fifth 1574-1576 | King Charles XI died, and his brother Henry III became king. Henry's brother, the Duke of Anjou, joined the Huguenot side. | Huguenots | The Edict of Beaulieu granted Huguenots the right to public worship. |
Sixth 1576-1577 | Catholic Henry I, Duke of Guise, formed the Catholic League in protest of the Edict of Beaulieu, both anti-Huguenot and anti-monarchy. | Stalemate | Henry III issued the Edict of Poitiers, which took back many freedoms granted in 1576. |
Seventh 1579-1580 | Huguenot Henry IV, King of Navarre, attacked Catholic strongholds under a flimsy pretext. | Stalemate | The Peace of Fleix restated what the Edict of Poitiers said. |
Henry III's brother's death in 1584 and the rise of the Catholic League's power led to what Historian Mack Holt calls "the longest and bloodiest of all the civil wars."1 The major players in this war were King Henry III, Henry of Navarre IV, and Henry I, Duke of Guise, founder of the Catholic League.
War | Why? | Who won? | How did it end? |
Eighth 1585-1589 | After the Treaty of Nemours, the Catholic League sought to remove Protestants in France by force. Henry of Navarre fought back. | The Catholic League | Henry III's assassination by a monk in August 1589. |
The Edict of Nantes ended the French Wars of Religion. It granted religious freedom to the Huguenots but kept the official religion Catholic. It allowed co-existence between Catholic and Protestant faiths but was not intended to provide a permanent solution to the faith divide in France. The ultimate goal, according to historian Mack Holt was still religious unity. However, it allowed religious pluralism and brought peace to France for nearly a century.
The 1534 Affair of the Placards, which distributed anti-Catholic pamphlets written by French Calvinists, spurred King Francis I to condemn Calvinism as heresy and persecute them.
The first war began in 1562, but events leading to the war began in 1534.
The Edict of Nantes in 1598. It granted religious freedom to Protestants but kept the official religion Catholic.
The devastating loss of life and political and religious division throughout France were effects of the French Wars of Religion. While the Huguenots gained religious freedom, it did not protect them from persecution.
The French Wars of Religion ended in a compromise with the Edict of Nantes, so one could say either both won or nobody did.
What started the French Wars of Religion?
The 1534 Affair of the Placards
How did the French Wars of Religion end?
The Edict of Nantes, 1598
Who was NOT King of France during the French Wars of Religion?
Philip II
What were Protestants called during the French Wars?
Huguenots
What Protestant group was dominant in sixteenth-century France?
Calvinists
When was the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre?
1572
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