The English Civil War

How did the English get caught up in a civil war that resulted in the killing of their king and the abolishment of the monarchy from 1649 to 1660? The English Civil War was a struggle between King Charles I and Parliament over government control. Charles I wished to rule alone without interference from Parliament, but Parliament viewed this kind of self-rule as abusive to their rights and liberties. Religion also played a significant role. But what caused the revolt that ended with the king's execution and a commonwealth government?

Fig. 1 - Charles Landseer - The Eve of the Battle of Edge Hill, 1642

Defining the English Civil War

King Charles I (r. 1625-1649) believed that a king was divinely appointed by God and should rule his kingdom absolutely–which is a type of government defined as absolutism. However, since the Magna Carta, the English believed the people had rights to their person and property above the rule of any king–this is what we call constitutionalism. This difference in opinion resulted in tensions between the King and Parliament, and Charles refused to call any more parliaments after 1629. He was determined to rule on his own and did until 1637.

Charles wanted to bring religious uniformity to his three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland. However, he chose the Church of England as his model. As a result, the Scots revolted when he tried to force a new prayer book on Scotland in 1637. Many English also opposed Charles' religious reform because they thought it resembled Catholicism, which they hated and feared.

The English Civil War Begins

When Charles finally turned to Parliament in 1640 for military funds, they responded that the threat to their liberties was more pressing than the Scottish revolt. In retaliation, he tried to have five leading members of Parliament arrested but failed. Finally, in 1642, Charles left London to raise an army to fight Parliament, and Parliament created their own New Model Army. Civil war erupted.

Fig. 2 - Triple portrait of Charles I

Causes of the English Civil War

There were many potential causes for the outbreak of civil war, and historians have debated these causes since the war ended. Three prominent schools of history surrounding this topic include the Marxists, the Revisionists, and the Post-Revisionists.

A Marxist Interpretation of the English Civil War

The Marxists, chief among them Christopher Hill, believed that the English Civil War was a class struggle between the elite nobility and a rising lower class. He championed Oliver Cromwell as a revolutionary hero against a despotic King Charles I. Other Marxists believed that strained economic circumstances due to England's role in the Thirty Years War.

A Revisionist Interpretation of the English Civil War

The revisionists are less united than the Marxists, but they all agree that the English Civil War was not part of a steady march towards progress. For example, Conrad Russell, a prominent revisionist, believed that the Civil War's causes were not in England alone but also in Scotland and Ireland. According to Russell, Charles tried to govern his three kingdoms as a single body, but they differed in politics and religion, so everything fell into chaos.

A Post-Revisionist Interpretation of the English Civil War

Post-Revisionism is another school without much agreement but primarily challenges the reliance of "great men" to tell the story of the Civil War's causes. Post-Revisionists like Ann Hughes incorporate new ways of looking at the conflict, for example, through gender studies. She argued that the Civil War had no long-term causes but instead resulted from "conflicting views of religion, politics, and culture."¹ She states that the common people had just as much impact on events as the elites.

Significant Battles of the English Civil War

Fig. 3 - The Battle of Naseby, 14 June 1645

Charles surrendered to the Scottish army in 1646 and tried to convince them to fight against the Parliamentarians. However, the Scottish ransomed the king to Parliament in January 1647. Meanwhile, petitions from the New Model Army to Parliament for back pay resulted in the petitioners' arrest and orders to disband. In response, the army organized against Parliament and seized the king in June 1647. Army generals such as Oliver Cromwell took over control of Parliament.

Charles refused all attempts to negotiate a settlement between the Royalists and Parliamentarians. Finally, in 1649, the Army-controlled Parliament under Cromwell put Charles I on trial for high treason. The king was executed on January 30, 1649.

Fig. 4 - The Execution of Charles I, unknown artist, 1649

Effects of the Civil War

• Parliament abolished the English monarchy and established the Commonwealth of England in its place under Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell.
• Charles' family, including his heir, the future King Charles II, fled to exile in France.
• Not all agreed with the new government. The Scottish refused to recognize the Commonwealth and declared Charles II king, leading to another civil war with a Parliament victory in 1652.

Fig. 5 - Oliver Cromwell c. 1653

Restoration and Glorious Revolution

The Commonwealth fell apart after Cromwell died in 1658. Parliament then invited Charles II to return to England as king in 1660, marking the Restoration period. However, when Charles II died in 1685, his Catholic brother, James II, became king. Catholic fear combined with James' desire to rule in a more absolutist fashion brought memories of the Civil War back to the surface. This unrest led to the Glorious Revolution in 1688, which replaced James II with his daughter and son-in-law, Mary II and William III, under a constitutional monarchy.

References

1. Ann Hughes, Causes of the English Civil War, 1991