Verse
The verse is an umbrella term used to refer to any piece of metrical writing. It is often used interchangeably with the word 'stanza'. There are two major types of verses:
1. Free Verse
Free verse gets its name from its lack of set structure – the poet is free to choose what they want! There is no set meter, rhyme scheme or form for poems written in free verse.
2. Blank Verse
Blank verse refers to poems that are written without a rhyme scheme. These verses are typically written in iambic pentameter, although that is not always the case.
An example of free verse is William Carols Williams, 27-word poem, 'This Is Just To Say' (1934). Here, the three verses are used to represent an apology note.
I have eaten
the plums
that were in
the icebox
and which
you were probably
saving
for breakfast
Forgive me
they were delicious
so sweet
and so cold
Anaphora
Anaphora is a form of repetition that is seen frequently in poetry. It is used to link ideas in a poem together, as well as create rhythm and structure. As the ideas or objects will be linked together, it also is useful to create memorable sections of the poem.
Anaphora can be used in any type of poem, and can also be found in prose, speeches and songs.
A notable example of anaphora can be found in 'London' (1794) by William Blake. Here, the word 'in' is repeated to show how the speaker hears the same cry of despair among the people.
In every cry of every Man,
In every Infants cry of fear,
In every voice: in every ban,
Refrain
Refrains are a commonly used form of repetition that occurs in poetry. Refrains can be comprised of a phrase, or one to three lines, and can occur anywhere in a poem. Sometimes there will be minor changes to the phrase for effect.
This poetic term is typically used to add emphasis as well as to create a rhythm in the poem.
One of the most famous 19th-century examples of a refrain is in 'O Captain! My Captain!' (1865) by Walt Whitman. In this poem, the phrase 'O Captain! My Captain!' is repeated throughout.
O Captain! my Captain! our fearful trip is done,
Note how 'repetition' is a poetic device used by poets, and that both refrain and anaphora are poetic terms used to describe this device.
Sibilance
Sibilance involves a repeated 's' sound throughout a poem. This can create a hissing sound in the poem.
Sibilance is typically used to create musicality in the poem, as it can help form a rhythm in the poetry. It is also used to develop motion in the poem. This is because it can be used to represent how animals or objects move.
A notable example of sibilance can be found in Edgar Allen Poe's poem, 'The Raven' (1845). Sibilance is used in this poem to mimic the movement of a curtain.
And the silken, sad, uncertain rustling of each purple curtain
Remember! Sibilance is the repetition of the 's' sound, not the letter 's'!
Sublime
Moments of sublimity in poetry are often described as points of exaltation or joy. They are moments that cause the speaker to experience an intense emotional response.
Typically, poems that use the sublime will feature nature. There is traditionally a lofty and serious tone found in such poems. It is closely linked with Romantic poetry.
The sublime can be seen in the poem 'Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey' (1798) by William Wordsworth, which elaborates upon the speaker's lofty depiction of the landscape, and the effect it has on his soul.
To them I may have owed another gift,
Of aspect more sublime; that blessed
mood,
In which the burthen of the mystery,
In which the heavy and the weary weight
Of all this unintelligible world,
Is lightened:—
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