Iambic Pentameter

The iambic pentameter is the bread and butter for anyone who is interested in poetry, whether it is reading poetry or composing your own. It is the most frequently used meter in poetry. But wait, wait, wait, we are getting ahead of ourselves. Let's double back...

Meaning of Iambic Pentameter

To begin understanding what iambic pentameter is, we need to explore what a 'meter' in poetry means. And to do that, we first need to learn about the foot which makes up a meter. This has all of us scratching our heads too, so let's simplify things a little.

If you need to measure the distance from point A to point B, there are numerous units available. If the distance is not too big, we would probably use centimetres. So let's say that delicious burger is ten centimetres away from you. If the distance was slightly larger, we would use metres. Easy peasy. Poetry works pretty much the same way: we measure lines of poetry through feet. In essence, syllables make up the foot/feet, which, in turn, make up the lines of poetry. So, let's move on from the pleasures of juicy burgers to find out about these components in more detail.

Poetry was and continues to be a pleasure to read out loud and listen to, and this is achieved by the lilts, cadences, rhythms and rhymes contained in a poem. There is something already pre-programmed in us that takes great pleasure in music and melodies, and poetry carries the potential to be both musical and melodious. Not everything we write or say will sound like poetry, though. For example: 'What is the time?' hardly sounds like a line from a poem. There is a reason for this: melody. Certain words, when put together, are more melodious than others. This is to do with the stress we put on certain syllables that provides the poem's rhythm or 'meter'.

Iambic pentameter is a specific meter that a line of poetry can have, and its name gives us clues as to how we can identify it in a poem:

• The iamb is a foot that contains an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable, for example, 'destroy' or 'recount'.
• The meter indicates how many times the foot is repeated. 'Penta' means 'five,' so the pentameter means that the foot is repeated five times.

Now, if we put all of these concepts together, we get the iambic pentameter.

In the example above from P. B. Shelley's 'Ode to the West Wind', the stressed syllables are marked in bold, while the syllables in regular font are unstressed. If you count them, there are a total of ten syllables. An iambic pentameter always consists of precisely ten syllables. A missing syllable would make the line catalectic, which is a fancy term for an incomplete metric line. The catalectic feature is often used to create an effect in poems, which we will examine later.

Iambic Pentameter: Effect

The iambic pentameter is the most frequently used meter in poetry for a reason. The downward-to-upward lilting of sound creates a pleasing melody. The desire to hear and speak in the iamb is ingrained in the human brain. Read the following two lines out loud:

Which line sounds more poetic to you? Line 2 seems to have more thought, more technicalities, more precise word choices factoring into it, thereby making it sound more poetic. One aspect of those technicalities is its meter, and in this case, the iambic pentameter:

It is the pleasure of the rising rhythm of the iamb that makes the iambic pentameter the most widely used meter in poetry.

Numerous qualities can be ascribed to a poem because of the iambic pentameter. It is a universally loved meter because it can make a line sound contemplative, narrative, musical, conversational, formal, comical, accented, or a combination of any of these qualities.

As the meter of a poem is indicative of the tone of the poem, any disruptions or inconsistencies in the meter are deliberate and used to emphasise something. Let's take a look at one of the most famous lines in English literature from Shakespeare's Hamlet (1609):

Here, we have an example of a weak ending. While the rest of Hamlet's soliloquy may be dominated by the iambic pentameter, this line is a disruption from the standard because of the extra unstressed ('weak') syllable at the end.

Due to its weak ending, the questioning tone of the content is reflected in the structure of the line itself, as the disruption of the line's meter mirrors the disturbance of Hamlet's state of mind upon encountering the ghost and contemplating his difficult situation. This is a clear example of how iambic pentameter, or a shift away from iambic pentameter, can express or add layers of meaning to the poem.

Examples of Iambic Pentameter

Here are some examples of iambic pentameter. I have marked the first one with the stressed and unstressed syllable, and you can do so for the rest:

1. 'Shall I | compare | thee to | a sum | mer's day?' (Shakespeare, 'Sonnet 18').
2. 'One truth is clear, "Whatever is, is right"' (Alexander Pope, 'An Essay on Man', Epistle 1).
3. 'And praised his wife for every meal she made' (Simon Armitage, 'Poem').
4. 'He's worn out. He's asleep beside the stove' (Robert Frost, 'The Death of the Hired Man').
5. 'My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains' (John Keats, 'Ode to a Nightingale').

Iambic Pentameter: Sonnet

Sonnets are almost always written in the iambic pentameter. The sonnet is a type of poem that has a long and rich history. The sonnet form (first popularised by Francesco Petrarca and then, thanks to the Renaissance, adopted by Shakespeare) is a popular type of poem containing 14 lines. The most important feature of the sonnet is the volta or the turn.

The simplicity of the sonnet held great appeal for poets, especially when they wished to lay great emphasis on everyday thoughts and feelings. Since the volta is the expression of contradiction, change, transformation, transition, or doubt, the iambic pentameter serves a dual purpose here. Firstly, because the meter is so commonly used, and its melody is intuitively ingrained in us all, it makes the sonnet a smooth read. If you read a sonnet out loud, you will find it is pleasurable to listen to because of the rising meter of the iamb. Furthermore, because the meter remains unchanged in the volta, the change in idea, expression or any kind of transformation is subtly introduced and is not jarring to the reader.

The dramatic change, therefore, may be observed only in content and not form. However, if the meter does change, this change can certainly be made more dramatic. As a result, the iambic pentameter separates the sonnet from the more dramatic rhythms and meters, such as the spondee (two stressed syllables) or the pyrrhic (two unstressed syllables) foot, thereby making the sonnet appear simpler in its expression.

How to write in Iambic Pentameter

Trying to write poetry can be scary, and you might feel the fear of embarrassment. To quell that fear, I have attempted to write a few lines in the iambic pentameter. You will notice that these are hardly the same quality as William Shakespeare's or John Keats' works.

Once you master the iambic pentameter and it begins to come naturally to you, feel free to experiment with couplets, rhyming couplets, and adding punctuation to them. Remember, practice makes perfect!