What are the two types of morpheme?

The two types of morphemes are free morphemes and bound morphemes.

What is a bound morpheme?

Bound morphemes cannot stand alone as words and include suffixes like -s, -er, -ing, est.

What is a free morpheme?

Free morphemes can stand alone. Most words are free morphemes, for instance: house, book, bed, light, world, people etc.

Are morphemes syllables?

Morphemes are not syllables. A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning in a language.

What is a lexical morpheme?

Lexical morphemes are words that give us the main meaning of a sentence. These words could be nouns, adjectives or verbs.

How can you identify the morphemes in a word?

You can identify a morpheme in a word by looking for the smallest unit of meaning in a word. Try breaking the word down into smaller parts by removing the affixes.

Complete the following sentence: A past tense allomorph changes its ... according to the last ... of the verb, but always keeps its function of past tense.

Missing words: sound, consonant.

How many morphemes do these words have? Pumpkin. Cats.

Pumpkin has one morpheme, cats has two morphemes.

Complete the following sentences. … are about meaning and structure in language. … are about sound and pronunciation in language.

Morphemes are about meaning and structure in language. Phonemes are about sound and pronunciation in language.

A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning in a language.

Morphemes: Definition, Types & Examples

Morphemes

Morphology is the study of words, word formation, and the relationship between words. In Morphology, we look at morphemes - the smallest lexical items of meaning. Studying morphemes helps us to understand the meaning, structure, and etymology (history) of words.

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Morphemes: meaning

The word morphemes from the Greek morphḗ, meaning 'shape, form'. Morphemes are the smallest lexical items of meaning or grammatical function that a word can be broken down to. Morphemes are usually, but not always, words.

Look at the following examples of morphemes:

House

Bed

Book

These words cannot be made shorter than they already are or they would stop being words or lose their meaning.

For example, 'house' cannot be split into ho- and -us' as they are both meaningless.

However, not all morphemes are words.

For example, 's' is not a word, but it is a morpheme; 's' shows plurality and means 'more than one'.

The word 'books' is made up of two morphemes: book + s.

Morphemes play a fundamental role in the structure and meaning of language, and understanding them can help us to better understand the words we use and the rules that govern their use.

How to identify a morpheme

You can identify morphemes by seeing if the word or letters in question meet the following criteria:

Morphemes must have meaning. E.g. the word 'cat' represents and small furry animal. The suffix '-s' you might find at the end of the word 'cat' represents plurality.
Morphemes cannot be divided into smaller parts without losing or changing their meaning. E.g. dividing the word 'cat' into 'ca' leaves us with a meaningless set of letters. The word 'at' is a morpheme in its own right.

Types of morphemes

There are two types of morphemes: free morphemes and bound morphemes.

Free morphemes

Free morphemes can stand alone and don't need to be attached to any other morphemes to get their meaning. Most words are free morphemes, such as the above-mentioned words house, book, bed, light, world, people, and so on.

Bound morphemes

Bound morphemes, however, cannot stand alone. The most common example of bound morphemes are suffixes, such as -s, -er, -ing, and -est.

Let's look at some examples of free and bound morphemes:

Tall
Tree
-er
-s

'Tall' and 'Tree' are free morphemes.

We understand what 'tall' and 'tree' mean; they don't require extra add-ons. We can use them to create a simple sentence like 'That tree is tall.'

On the other hand, '-er' and '-s' are bound morphemes. You won't see them on their own because they are suffixes that add meaning to the words they are attached to.

Morphemes - Free morphemes and bound morphemes - StudySmarter Fig. 1 - These are the differences between free vs bound morphemes

So if we add '-er' to 'tall' we get the comparative form 'taller', while 'tree' plus '-s' becomes plural: 'trees'.

Morphemes: structure

Morphemes are made up of two separate classes.

Bases (or roots)
Affixes

A morpheme's base is the main root that gives the word its meaning.

On the other hand, an affix is a morpheme we can add that changes or modifies the meaning of the base.

'Kind' is the free base morpheme in the word 'kindly'. (kind + -ly)

'-less' is a bound morpheme in the word 'careless'. (Care + -less)

Morphemes: affixes

Affixes are bound morphemes that occur before or after a base word. They are made up of suffixes and prefixes.

Suffixes are attached to the end of the base or root word. Some of the most common suffixes include -er, -or, -ly, -ism, and -less.

Taller

Thinner

Comfortably

Absurdism

Ageism

Aimless

Fearless

Prefixes come before the base word. Typical prefixes include ante-, pre-, un-, and dis-.

Antedate

Prehistoric

Unkind

Disappear

Derivational affixes

Derivational affixes are used to change the meaning of a word by building on its base. For instance, by adding the prefix 'un-' to the word 'kind', we got a new word with a whole new meaning. In fact, 'unkind' has the exact opposite meaning of 'kind'!

Another example is adding the suffix '-or' to the word 'act' to create 'actor'. The word 'act' is a verb, whereas 'actor' is a noun.

Inflectional affixes

Inflectional affixes only modify the meaning of words instead of changing them. This means they modify the words by making them plural, comparative or superlative, or by changing the verb tense.

books - books

short - shorter

quick - quickest

walk - walked

climb - climbing

There are many derivational affixes in English, but only eight inflectional affixes and these are all suffixes.

Word class	Modification reason	Suffixes
To modify nouns	Plural & possessive forms	-s (or -es), -'s (or s')
To modify adjectives	Comparative & superlative forms	-er, -est
To modify verbs	3rd person singular, past tense, present & past participles	-s, -ed, -ing, -en

All prefixes in English are derivational. However, suffixes may be either derivational or inflectional.

Morphemes: categories

The free morphemes we looked at earlier (such as tree, book, and tall) fall into two categories:

Lexical morphemes
Functional morphemes

Reminder: Most words are free morphemes because they have meaning on their own, such as house, book, bed, light, world, people etc.

Lexical morphemes

Lexical morphemes are words that give us the main meaning of a sentence, text or conversation. These words can be nouns, adjectives and verbs. Examples of lexical morphemes include:

house
book
tree
panther
loud
quiet
big
orange
blue
open
run
talk

Because we can add new lexical morphemes to a language (new words get added to the dictionary each year!), they are considered an 'open' class of words.

Functional morphemes

Functional (or grammatical) morphemes are mostly words that have a functional purpose, such as linking or referencing lexical words. Functional morphemes include prepositions, conjunctions, articles and pronouns. Examples of functional morphemes include:

and
but
when
because
on
near
above
in
the
that
it
them.

We can rarely add new functional morphemes to the language, so we call this a 'closed' class of words.

Allomorphs

Allomorphs are a variant of morphemes. An allomorph is a unit of meaning that can change its sound and spelling but doesn't change its meaning and function.

In English, the indefinite article morpheme has two allomorphs. Its two forms are 'a' and 'an'. If the indefinite article precedes a word beginning with a constant sound it is 'a', and if it precedes a word beginning with a vowel sound, it is 'an'.

Past Tense allomorphs

In English, regular verbs use the past tense morpheme -ed; this shows us that the verb happened in the past. The pronunciation of this morpheme changes its sound according to the last consonant of the verb but always keeps its past tense function. This is an example of an allomorph.

Consider regular verbs ending in t or d, like 'rent' or 'add'.

Now look at their past forms: 'rented' and 'added'. Try pronouncing them. Notice how the -ed at the end changes to an /id/ sound (e.g. rent /ɪd/, add /ɪd/).

Now consider the past simple forms of want, rest, print, and plant. When we pronounce them, we get: wanted (want /ɪd/), rested (rest /ɪd/), printed (print /ɪd/), planted (plant /ɪd/).

Now look at other regular verbs ending in the following 'voiceless' phonemes: /p/, /k/, /s/, /h/, /ch/, /sh/, /f/, /x/. Try pronouncing the past form and notice how the allomorph '-ed' at the end changes to a /t/ sound. For example, dropped, pressed, laughed, and washed.

Plural allomorphs

Typically we add 's' or 'es' to most nouns in English when we want to create the plural form. The plural forms 's' or 'es' remain the same and have the same function, but their sound changes depending on the form of the noun. The plural morpheme has three allomorphs: [s], [z], and [ɨz].

When a noun ends in a voiceless consonant (i.e. ch, f, k, p, s, sh, t, th), the plural allomorph is /s/.

Book becomes books (pronounced book/s/)

When a noun ends in a voiced phoneme (i.e. b, l, r, j, d, v, m, n, g, w, z, a, e, i, o, u) the plural form remains 's' or 'es' but the allomorph sound changes to /z/.

Key becomes keys (pronounced key/z/)

Bee becomes bees (pronounced bee/z/)

When a noun ends in a sibilant (i.e. s, ss, z), the sound of the allomorph sound becomes /iz/.

Bus becomes buses (bus/iz/)

house becomes houses (hous/iz/)

A sibilant is a phonetic sound that makes a hissing sound, e.g. 's' or 'z'.

Zero (bound) morphemes

The zero bound morpheme has no phonetic form and is also referred to as an invisible affix, null morpheme, or ghost morpheme.

A zero morpheme is when a word changes its meaning but does not change its form.

In English, certain nouns and verbs do not change their appearance even when they change number or tense.

Sheep, deer, and fish, keep the same form whether they are used as singular or plural.

Some verbs like hit, cut, and cost remains the same in their present and past forms.

Morphemes - Key takeaways

Morphemes are the smallest lexical unit of meaning. Most words are free morphemes, and most affixes are bound morphemes.
There are two types of morphemes: free morphemes and bound morphemes.
Free morphemes can stand alone, whereas bound morphemes must be attached to another morpheme to get their meaning.
Morphemes are made up of two separate classes called bases (or roots) and affixes.
Free morphemes fall into two categories; lexical and functional. Lexical morphemes are words that give us the main meaning of a sentence, and functional morphemes have a grammatical purpose.

Morphemes

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Morphemes: meaning

How to identify a morpheme