There are many theories surrounding sleep and dreaming, from Freud's Theory of Dreaming and the famous Freud Wolfman Study to Hobson and McCarley's (1977) Activation Synthesis Theory of Dreaming. But what does our brain do while we sleep and dream? Typically, examining brain waves whilst the brain is sleeping reveals a lot about what our brain is up to while we slumber. We can see brain waves using an electroencephalogram (EEG).
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Jetzt kostenlos anmeldenThere are many theories surrounding sleep and dreaming, from Freud's Theory of Dreaming and the famous Freud Wolfman Study to Hobson and McCarley's (1977) Activation Synthesis Theory of Dreaming. But what does our brain do while we sleep and dream? Typically, examining brain waves whilst the brain is sleeping reveals a lot about what our brain is up to while we slumber. We can see brain waves using an electroencephalogram (EEG).
Let's explore the function and actions of the brain during sleep.
The brain is still very active while we are sleeping. There are four stages of sleep (which you will go through roughly five times during the night - called the sleep cycle) with rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep being the fifth part of the cycle overall.
The 4 stages you will cycle through when asleep are:
REM sleep is when the brain is most active during the sleep cycle, often occurring around 90 minutes into first falling asleep, and occurs periodically throughout the different stages of the cycle, lasting slightly longer after the last cycle until waking. REM sleep is where dreaming takes place, typically people spend roughly two hours a night dreaming.
A sensory blockade occurs during REM sleep, meaning that information from the five senses (sound, sight, smell, taste and touch) is not interpreted by the brain. Signals (brain waves) for REM sleep start at the base of the brain from an area in the brainstem called the pons, which prevents movement by shutting off neurons in the spinal cord and is known as movement inhibition.
Neurons are nerve cells that transmit information and allow communication with other cells.
According to the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming, dreaming occurs when these signals from the pons reach higher brain areas such as the cerebral cortex (which interprets sensory information when awake), resulting in a synthesis of information using memories to piece together bits of information. The limbic system is also activated by these brain waves during sleep, which is an area of the brain involved in managing emotions.
According to the theory, activation of the limbic system is why dreams can often feel particularly emotive or powerful.
The limbic system is made up of four main areas within the middle of the brain: the amygdala, the hippocampus, the hypothalamus and the thalamus. Each portion of the system plays an important role in controlling emotional and behavioural responses, including those involved in the fight or flight response.
Brain waves vary in number and length during different stages of the sleep cycle. They reveal the general type of activity occurring during sleep, and have led to interesting theories regarding what it is exactly the brain is up to during sleep.
Brain waves are electrical impulses in the brain generated from neuron communication.
Different brain waves occur during different stages of a sleep cycle. Whilst awake, we typically see Beta waves (high frequency and relatively low amplitude). Brain waves are measured using an electroencephalograph (EEG). This device uses electrodes (used to conduct electricity that can measure the electric impulse of the brainwaves), that are placed on a person's scalp.
Brain waves are measured by frequency, recorded in hertz (Hz), and amplitude.
Frequency indicates how many waves occur in a second, and amplitude indicates the height of the waves.
Notice how brainwave lengths get faster down the list from delta through to gamma? That's what activity happens in the brain when waking up, beta brainwaves occur when concentrating and gamma brainwaves occur during perception and consciousness (so when awake).
Research into sleep often categorises the sleep cycle into three stages of sleep and REM sleep now, as stage three and stage four are extremely similar. Many often do not distinguish between stage three and stage four nowadays, and suggest there is only stage one, stage two, stage three (a combined version of the previous stages, three and four), and REM sleep.
You may find more recent research that refers to three stages of sleep and REM sleep, overall stating there are four stages of sleep when combined together instead of five, and this is why.
Slow delta waves are the most common brainwaves seen during deep sleep, but this does not mean that the brain is inactive during this stage of sleep. In fact, the main functions of deep sleep are vital for our health and well-being when awake.
On top of restoring energy and creating feelings of restfulness, deep sleep is an important factor in learning and development. Deep sleep supports the facilitation of short-term and long-term memories, which include memories used for processing new information involved in learning.
Research by Fattinger et al. (2017) suggests that delta brainwaves within the motor cortex during deep sleep restore changes in neuroplasticity compared to them being in a reduced state when being deprived of sleep, concluding that deep sleep is a requirement for efficient learning.
Growth is also stimulated during moments of deep sleep as hormones are secreted by the pituitary gland, which also aids in the repair of bones and tissues after a long day or injury. Hormones (e.g., oestrogen) secreted in deep sleep can
aid in cell regeneration and building a stronger immune system.
Hormones are chemical messages that travel throughout the body, stimulating bodily functions.
Relatively new recent findings suggest that deep sleep may play an important role in 'cleansing' toxins from the brain. Using neuroimaging techniques to measure brainwaves and physiological changes in the brain, researchers discovered a slight pattern of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) changes that appear alongside delta brainwaves during non-rapid eye movement in deep sleep (Fultz et al., 2019).
CSF is suggested to remove metabolic waste products while moving in and out of the brain. The results of the study suggest that waste is removed during periods of non-REM deep sleep.
Neuroimaging techniques include electroencephalography (EEG) for measuring brainwaves, but there are also several used in research involving the brain.
Examples of other neuroimaging techniques include functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), which examines blood flow in the brain and Positron Emission Tomography (PET), which can track metabolic activity.
The brain is not necessarily more active during sleep, it is still active in areas of memory consolidation and emotional regulation. Brain waves differ, and slower brain waves occur during deeper stages of sleep (delta waves).
The brain goes through periods of rapid-eye movement and non-rapid eye movement during sleep. Brainwave activity sees a change to alpha, theta and delta waves from the typical beta waves seen during wakefulness.
The limbic system is particularly active during REM sleep. This regulates emotional responses and is associated with dreaming.
The brain is very active during sleep, from dreaming to consolidating memories, improving learning and secreting hormones, and improving growth and immune system strength.
Which phase of sleep is characterised by an increased brain activity?
REM sleep
How does the activation-synthesis theory explain dreaming?
The activation-synthesis theory posits that dreams are our brain's attempt to make sense of random neurophysiological activation during sleep.
Brain activation during REM sleep is initiated by the
Pons
What does synthesis involve in the activation-synthesis theory?
Synthesis is the processes through which the cerebral cortex makes sense of random REM activation, generating dreams.
Who proposed the activation systhesis theory?
Hobson and McCarley
What are the characteristics of dream consciousness?
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