The world is steadily and rapidly changing all the time. If asked, we can probably list many examples of this. However, we are unlikely to mention differences in the family as part of these major changes in society.
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Jetzt kostenlos anmeldenThe world is steadily and rapidly changing all the time. If asked, we can probably list many examples of this. However, we are unlikely to mention differences in the family as part of these major changes in society.
We will be looking at postmodernist perspectives on the family.
Let's get started!
Before we consider postmodernist viewpoints, it may be helpful to have a general reminder of the concept.
Postmodernism, also known as postmodernity, is a sociological theory that, according to the Cambridge Dictionary of Sociology (p.459):
arose as a consequence of advanced modernization."
Postmodern theorists believe that the era we are living in can be classed as postmodern due to its fundamental differences from the age of modernity. This monumental change leads sociologists to argue that society must also be studied differently now.
You can find an article on 'Postmodernism' here at StudySmarter for more detail about this time period.
Now that we have outlined the broad theory of postmodernism, let us consider how postmodernists view the family.
Followers of postmodernism note that there are several key features that characterise postmodern families. We will go through these key features in turn.
Postmodernists argue that we should look at family as a fluid and changing concept. Therefore, they disagree with theories such as functionalism, which argues that there is one 'ideal' or 'normal' family type (the nuclear family). It also disagrees with theories such as Marxism, which makes generalisations about families.
Broad ideas and generalisations about how society works are called metanarratives. Theories such as functionalism and Marxism are metanarratives.
According to postmodernists, the decreasing relevance of metanarratives is a key feature of postmodernism.
Postmodernist theorists claim that family is unique for everyone and that family dynamics or interactions cannot (and should not) be generalised.
This is evident in the increase in alternative family types, such as:
In addition, postmodernists note that divorce rates are increasing, which means the family and its structures are likely to continue changing for many people. However, postmodernists do not necessarily see divorce as a bad thing, as remaining in a marriage can sometimes be problematic.
Sociologist John Bernades argues that in cases of domestic violence, stress, health issues, or general dissatisfaction, divorce may actually help to alleviate problems that appear with remaining married. In this way, divorce may be a solution.
Unlike functionalists, Bernades argues that divorce is not necessarily a 'social problem'. He states that if functionalists were to acknowledge the problems in married life, they would be less likely to view divorce as a sign of anomie or a threat to solidarity.
Postmodernists argue that due to changes in attitudes towards romantic and sexual connections, the importance of family life has changed.
Due to the declining stigma attached to premarital sex and relationships in the West, individuals have more opportunities to 'find the one' and explore different partnerships before settling down to marry. Individuals are therefore more experienced and have higher standards for marriage, compared to more traditional times.
Additionally, the acts of marriage and starting a family do not serve as many functional purposes as before. For example, women were expected to marry for financial support and men were expected to marry, so they could have children. Nowadays, individuals are more likely to marry for love, which means they may marry later in life as they do not have to think about functionality.
It is important to also consider the rise in acceptance of non-heterosexual relationships. In many countries, homosexuality is decriminalised, and gay marriage is legal, which means individuals have more freedom to be themselves and find partners. This can create many different family types.
You can find out more about marriage rates in the UK in recent years by visiting our 'Changing Patterns' section here on StudySmarter.
Many people, especially women, are now leading child-free lifestyles, which means they choose not to have children. They are likely to characterise family in other ways - they may refer to their romantic partners, immediate family, other relatives or friends.
There are several reasons why individuals decide against having children, including:
Relatively recent changes in medical technology have allowed for greater freedom to control fertility and reproduction. Medical advancements include:
Not only do these advancements allow for greater reproductive choice for people overall, but they also create opportunities for single, gay or older individuals to have families without assuming traditional nuclear family structures.
We will now go through some examples of postmodern families. These are theorised by postmodernists who look at the different types of families in postmodernist times and how they should be studied.
In particular, Judith Stacey (1998) highlights the increased freedom enjoyed by women to create their own family structures in postmodern times. She identified the "divorce-extended family", a family type where family members are connected through divorce, not marriage.
People may maintain relations and connections with their ex-spouse's family members, such as their parents.
Due to various changes in society over the years, women are no longer restricted to one type of family arrangement; they can create family structures to suit their individual needs. As a result, their life choices may be very diverse and fluid in comparison to traditional eras where women had limited choices in shaping their lives.
It is no longer unacceptable or unconventional for women to decide to focus on their careers until their thirties (for instance) and decide to have children at that age.
On a similar note, it is not unusual for a woman to start a business or go back to employment or education at a later age in life after having had kids.
Stacey argues that family life is characterised by diversity, not alikeness.
Sociologist Carol Smart (2007) argues that we should study relationships using the lens of 'personal life' rather than 'family', as the former is a more neutral term.
The term is broad enough to consider all types of personal relationships that may not fall under the narrow scope of 'family' but are still very meaningful to people. Examples of these include:
She argues that relationships can go beyond biological relations or connections through marriage.
Social historian Tamara Harevan (2000) states it is important to consider individuals' life courses instead of their families. This involves studying people's choices throughout their lives as they experience key events such as marriage, parenthood, divorce, or the death of a loved one.
The argument is that individuals will experience and move through several family types or relationships throughout their lifetime. Harevan argues it is important to study the meanings people give to these life events.
In doing so, we may clearly see people's choices, why they were made, and the influence of external factors (such as patriarchy, social class, ethnicity, religion or social pressure) on them. We can understand what is important to people and why.
Some people may choose to become doctors because they feel pressured to do so by cultural and familial expectations. From this, we may be able to understand that observing their cultural background and listening to family members is important to them.
If we study people's life courses instead of simply their families, we can understand family diversity in greater detail.
We will now consider some criticisms of postmodern views on the family.
The postmodern perspective in sociology, generally, is that society is living in a postmodern era, which means we have to study society differently. Due to important changes such as globalisation, fragmentation and advancements in technology, society is very different and this has affected the way it works.
Postmodernists believe that due to the declining stigma towards premarital sex and relations, individuals have more opportunities to 'find the one' and explore different relationships before settling down to marry. People, therefore, have more experience and higher standards for marriage. Also, individuals are less likely to marry for functional reasons and more likely to marry for love.
Anthony Giddens is a late modernist who argues that although we have experienced a lot of changes, we still retain a lot of elements of modernist family patterns and experiences. Therefore, we are not yet in a postmodern society and we are not as 'free' to make choices about family as postmodernists believe. Giddens also stated that too much choice and diversity can lead to instability.
Postmodernists argue that we should look at family as a fluid and changing concept. Therefore, the perspective disagrees with theories such as functionalism, which argues that there is one 'ideal' or 'normal' family type (the nuclear family). It also disagrees with theories such as Marxism, which makes generalisations about families. Postmodernists claim that family is unique for everyone and that family dynamics or interactions cannot (and should not) be generalised.
This is evident by the increase in alternative family types, such as single-parent, reconstituted and same-sex families.
A postmodern family is a family that is characterised by living in postmodern society. Its features, therefore, may include family diversity, individual choices and personal relationships that go beyond biological or marriage ties.
What is postmodernism?
Postmodernism, also known as postmodernity, is a sociological theory and intellectual movement which arose after the period of modernity.
Why does postmodernism disagree with theories such as functionalism? Which other theory does postmodernism disagree with?
Postmodernists argue that we should look at family as a fluid and changing concept. Functionalism argues that there is one 'ideal' or 'normal' family type. Postmodernism also disagrees with theories such as Marxism, which makes generalisations about families.
According to postmodernists, the _____ relevance of metanarratives is a key feature of postmodernism.
Decreasing
Should family dynamics and interactions be generalised? Why/why not?
Postmodernists claim that family is unique for everyone and that family dynamics or interactions cannot and should not be generalised.
What is the result of the declining stigma surrounding premarital sex and relations in the West?
Individuals have more opportunities to 'find the one' and explore different relationships before settling down to marry. Individuals are therefore more experienced and have higher standards for marriage, compared to more traditional times.
What is the relationship between marriage and functionality in postmodernist times?
Marrying and having a family is due to less functional reasons than before; for example, women were expected to marry for financial support and men were expected to marry so they could have children. Nowadays, individuals are more likely to marry for love, which means they may marry later in life as they do not have to think about functionality.
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