Attachment and Later Relationships

Types of attachment

Ainsworth and Bell (1970) designed a strange situation test to assess the attachment types between a child and their primary caregiver. Secure and insecure attachment were discovered using this test in the Ganda research (1967) and the Baltimore Project (1969), with insecure attachments classified into three categories: insecure-avoidant, insecure-anxious/ambivalent, and disorganised attachment.

The severity of the insecure attachment type varies based on the child's history of caregiving. Children who are insecure can be avoidant, ambivalent, or disorganised. Insecure avoidant children have had caregivers who have been dismissive of them, leading them to expect others to be dismissive of them in the future. As a result, they can be aggressive in their demeanour, causing their peers to socially exclude them (Sroufe, 2005; Sroufe et al., 1999; Ojanen & Perry, 2007).

Insecure-ambivalent/anxious children have had inconsistent caregiving, and as a result, they are more likely to engage in manipulative behaviour such as relativism. Children with insecure-disorganised attachment are more likely to withdraw or act aggressively in social situations because their caregivers are either neglectful, depressed or abusive.

Types of attachment diagram, Tyler Smith, StudySmarter Originals

Effect of attachment on later relationships

Attachment in childhood can have a profound effect on people’s expectations and attitudes towards social relationships in the future. Children who are securely bonded to their caregivers during their early childhood are more socially competent, according to studies.

Children with a secure attachment type, according to Hartup et al. (1993), are more popular at nursery and participate in more social contact with other children. Insecurely attached children, on the other hand, are more reliant on instructors for social interaction and emotional support.

Parenting styles and attachment styles

According to research, there is intergenerational continuity between adult attachment types and their offspring, with children inheriting their parents' parenting methods. People's parenting styles are often based on their internal working models, hence attachment type is often passed down through generations. Because they lacked an internal working model, Harlow's monkeys (1958) demonstrated a relationship between poor attachment and later parenting issues.

Adulthood romantic relationships and attachment style

Adult relationship research has expanded to include intimate and passionate interactions (Weiss & Duncan, 1992). People are more likely to end up in a romantic relationship with a partner who confirms their beliefs about attachment relationships based on their early attachment experience with their caregivers.

The love quiz experiment by Hazan and Shaver (1987) exemplifies this. They carried out research to learn about participants' early attachment styles and attitudes toward romantic partnerships. They discovered that those who were securely attached as newborns tended to have long-term relationships; on the other hand, those who were insecurely attached as infants found adult relationships more challenging, were more likely to divorce and believed love was rare.

The temperament hypothesis of attachment styles

Something to consider is the temperament hypothesis. This was proposed by Kagan (1982), and it suggests that infants have an innate personality type, which essentially means that they were born with a certain personality type. Some are born with friendly traits which aid the maternal bonding process.

However, some are born with the opposite traits, which harms or makes the bonding process more difficult. They may not seek comfort from their parents as much as other children. This impacts the relationship and how it develops, and babies and mothers will not be as securely attached to one another.