What is an example of drawing conclusions?

If the average time spent doing math homework is higher than the average time doing biology homework, we draw the following conclusion: 'on average, students spend more time doing math homework than biology homework'.

How do you draw conclusions from examples?

In the conclusion of an experiment, you should compare your original hypothesis with statistics you have derived from the data.

What does drawing conclusions mean?

Drawing a conclusion means using statistics to make a statement about the thing you have measured in the experiment. The process of drawing a conclusion about a population based on results collected from a sample is called statistical inference.

Say you were planning on collecting data on the heights of sunflowers grown under two different conditions: inside and outside. What sensible hypothesis might we draw from this?

A possible hypothesis: the sunflowers grown outside will be taller than the sunflowers grown inside.

Which of the following are true?

A hypothesis should be specific

What are the three stages of a research experiment?

1. Hypothesis 2. Experiment and analysis 3. Conclusion

Which of the following are true?

Statistical inference is where you make conclusions about a sample based off information about the population.

Drawing Conclusions from Examples

We will now learn how to go about drawing statistical conclusions from an experiment. The data has been collected and analysed. Perhaps it has also been visualised using a plot or a histogram, for example. The final stage, and what we have been working towards the entire time, is being able to bring all of these elements together so that a logical conclusion can be drawn from the data.

Get started

The stages of a research experiment

In order to see how we can go about drawing conclusions from our data, we need to be keeping a few things in mind throughout the process. First, we need to think about what we expect to see from the data. Our knowledge of the subject matter and the data itself should help us decide how to go about our analysis. After this, we will be in a good position to say whether our analysis either confirms or denies our original expectations about the data.

The hypothesis

The very first thing a researcher (that's you!) does - before the experiment and certainly before analyzing the experimental data - is come up with a hypothesis. This is a very specific prediction about what we might expect the data to show. It is important to set up the hypothesis before we analyze the data since this will determine the ways in which we look at the data.

Often, the hypothesis will be defined for you in the question, but it is still useful to keep it in mind throughout the analysis and conclusion.

Hypothesis: a specific prediction about the outcome from an experiment that is used as the starting point for research. It is usually either proven or disproven by the end of an experiment.

Say we wanted to observe the effect of sunny weather on the revenue of a lemonade stand. We might define our hypothesis to be: the revenue of the lemonade stand is higher when the sun is out.

Using common sense, people are more likely to want to buy cold drinks on sunny days, and this will probably affect the revenue. Without any more information about the situation, there is nothing else we can go by.

The experiment and analysis

As per the example, say we collected the following data:

Revenue, r (dollars)	Frequency when sunny	Frequency when not sunny
$0 \leq x < 15$	2	52
$15 \leq x < 30$	3	49
$30 \leq x < 40$	17	29
$40 \leq x < 50$	29	27
$50 \leq x < 60$	57	17
$60 \leq x < 70$	62	8
$70 \leq x \leq 90$	30	0

Since the data is grouped, we can plot each of the sets of data using a histogram.

Histogram on the revenue on sunny days Histogram 1, StudySmarter Originals

Histogram on the revenue on not sunny days

Histogram 2, StudySmarter Originals

From the graphs, we can see that the mode class for the sunny data is the $60 \leq x < 70$ class, whereas for the non-sunny weather the mode class is $0 \leq x \leq 15$ .

We can also find the mean as an additional measure of central tendency. Recall that to find the mean from grouped data, we need to use the midpoints of each class.

Revenue, x (dollars)	Frequency when sunny, $f_{1}$	Frequency when not sunny, $f_{2}$	Class midpoint, m	m $\times f_{1}$	m $\times f_{2}$
$0 \leq x < 15$	2	52	7.5	15	390
$15 \leq x < 30$	3	49	22.5	67.5	1,102.5
$30 \leq x < 40$	17	29	35	595	1,015
$40 \leq x < 50$	29	27	45	1,305	1,215
$50 \leq x < 60$	57	17	55	3,135	935
$60 \leq x < 70$	62	8	65	4,030	520
$70 \leq x \leq 90$	30	0	80	2,400	0

Now we can find the mean for the 'sunny days' revenue:

$r_{1} = \frac{\sum_{} m \times f_{1}}{\sum_{} f_{1}} = \frac{15 + 67.5 + 595 + 1305 + 3135 + 4030 + 2400}{5 + 17 + 29 + 57 + 62 + 30} = \frac{11547.7}{200} = 57.74$ to 2 d.p.

And now find the mean for the 'non-sunny days' revenue:

$r_{1} = \frac{\sum_{} m \times f_{2}}{\sum_{} f_{2}} = \frac{390 + 1102.5 + 1015 + 1215 + 935 + 520 + 0}{52 + 43 + 35 + 27 + 17 + 8 + 0} = \frac{5252.5}{182} = 28.86$ to 2 d.p.

The conclusion

So, we have collected and analyzed the data. All that is left to do is to compare our statistics with the hypothesis we made beforehand.

Recall: the revenue of the lemonade stand is higher when the sun is out.

Now we compare our original hypothesis with the statistics we have found. We can see that the average amount of revenue on a sunny day is $59.95, while the average revenue on a day that is not sunny is $18.24. Since the sunny-day revenue is so much higher than otherwise, we can conclude that the data we have collected supports our hypothesis and that, according to the data, the revenue of the lemonade stand is higher when the sun is out.

This process - drawing a conclusion about a population based on results collected from a sample - is called statistical inference.

But beware! It is important to be careful of the language we use in our hypothesis. Take for example the following statement: "sunny weather makes people more likely to buy lemonade". While this may be true, we don't know enough from the data itself to confirm that it was the weather specifically that inspired more people to buy lemonade. Instead, it could have been the case that the weather increased the number of potential customers in the vicinity of the lemonade stand.

We can also use other statistics to add to our conclusion. We can see that the range of the 'sunny day' revenues is 90 whereas the range of the 'not sunny days' is 70. Therefore we can also add to our conclusion that while there is on average a greater amount of revenue on sunny days, there is also a greater range in the revenue.

Your conclusion must always refer specifically to what the data shows us!

Drawing Conclusions from Examples - Key takeaways

The hypothesis is a specific prediction about the outcome of an experiment that is used as the starting point for research. It is usually either proven or disproven by the end of an experiment
To draw conclusions, we first must collect the relevant data and perform statistical analyses such as creating visualizations of the data (e.g. a histogram) and finding relevant statistics (e.g. the mean)
In the conclusion, compare the statistical analysis with your original hypothesis
The process of drawing a conclusion about a population based on results collected from a sample is called statistical inference
Be careful in your conclusion to only refer to what the statistics specifically tell us about the data

Drawing Conclusions from Examples

Create learning materials about Drawing Conclusions from Examples with our free learning app!