The 1860 Republican Convention had gone rather smoothly in choosing Abraham Lincoln as the Republican candidate for president. However, the Democrats, divided over how to handle the issue of slavery, had a much harder time agreeing on a candidate. They, in fact, ended up having dueling conventions that nominated two different candidates, one factor in Lincoln's ultimate victory in the general election. Learn about the 1860 Democratic Convention, how the party split, and its ultimate results here.
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Jetzt kostenlos anmeldenThe 1860 Republican Convention had gone rather smoothly in choosing Abraham Lincoln as the Republican candidate for president. However, the Democrats, divided over how to handle the issue of slavery, had a much harder time agreeing on a candidate. They, in fact, ended up having dueling conventions that nominated two different candidates, one factor in Lincoln's ultimate victory in the general election. Learn about the 1860 Democratic Convention, how the party split, and its ultimate results here.
The Democratic Party chose Charleston, South Carolina, to host the 1860 Democratic Convention. It convened on April 23, 1860.
At Charleston, a number of nominations were made, and voting took place to decide the presidential ticket. However, delegates, at logger heads over the issues of slavery, failed to successfully reach the 2/3 vote necessary to nominate a presidential candidate at the 1860 Democratic Convention in Charleston.
Did You Know?
The site of the 1860 Democratic Convention in Charleston, the South Carolina Institute Hall, burned down in a devastating fire the next year.
There were 6 men nominated as candidates for president at the 1860 Democratic Convention in Charleston.
They were:
Douglas was considered the front-runner, but many southern Democrats opposed him.
Much as the issue of slavery was dividing the country at large, it was also dividing the Democratic Party and the 1860 Democratic Convention in Charleston.
Douglas was seen as a moderate on slavery. Pro-slavery southern politicians had, in fact, cheered Douglas's promotion of popular sovereignty to determine the slave holding status of new states.
Popular Sovereignty
Popular Sovereignty was proposed by Douglas as a way to allow new states to vote on whether slavery would be permitted in its territories. It was formally adopted in the 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act, overturning the 1820 Missouri Compromise and provoking the events of Bleeding Kansas.
However, in his debates with Abraham Lincoln for reelection to the senate in 1858, Douglas had essentially rejected the Dred Scott Supreme Court decision that protected slavery in all states when he elaborated his Freeport Doctrine, arguing that the people of a state could choose to accept or reject slavery through legislation.
Dred Scott Case
This 1857 Supreme Court Decision was enormously controversial. The case concerned a slave who had traveled with his master and lived in a free state and territory (Illinois and Wisconsin). He sued for his freedom on this basis.
The Supreme Court ruled not only that Scott could not be considered a US citizen and could not bring suit in court, but also that the US Congress did not have the ability to restrict or end slavery in any state. This ruling effectively rendered the Missouri Compromise and the idea of popular sovereignty in the Kansas-Nebraska Act unconstitutional.
The decision was widely condemned in the north and contributed to the growing division, alienation, and harsh rhetoric between the northern and southern sections of the country in the years leading up to the Civil War.
For the more radical, pro-slavery politicians of the south, known as fire-eaters, this was unacceptable. They came to the convention ready to oppose Douglas.
For moderates and northern Democrats, the idea of endorsing the Dred Scott decision was also unacceptable. Not only was it deeply unpopular in the north, making it hard for politicians to endorse it, but northern democrats were aware that they needed to win at least a few northern states to win the presidency.
Did You Know?
A wealthy port town, Charleston was a bastion of pro-slavery sentiment. South Carolina delegates would adopt the Ordinance of Secession in Charleston, and the first battle of the Civil War at Fort Sumter also took place in Charleston.
As a rule, a candidate had to receive at least a 2/3 majority to win the nomination. With the fire-eaters refusing to accept Douglas as a candidate, and the moderates refusing to endorse Scott, the 2/3 majority was effectively impossible for any candidate to achieve.
In fact, 51 southern delegates walked out of the convention entirely between April 30th and May 1st. However, the convention still ruled that a candidate needed votes from 2/3 of all members, not just those present, to receive the nomination.
The convention held a whopping 57 ballots. In all of them, Douglas received a significant majority. He never received fewer than 145.5 of the 253 (57.5%) but also failed to reach the elusive 2/3 (169 votes), with his largest totals being 152.5
Unable to break this impasse, on May 3, the convention voted to adjourn and reconvene in Baltimore six weeks later.
Ironic Fact
One delegate, Benjamin Butler from Massachusetts, voted for Jefferson Davis, the future president of the Confederacy, on over 50 of the ballots. During the war, Butler became a Union General, and Davis as president of the Confederate States issued a warrant for his arrest and execution.
On June 18, the 1860 Democratic Convention reconvened in the city of Baltimore.
Did You Know?
The site of the 1860 Democratic Convention in Baltimore, the Front Street Theater, was also destroyed by a fire in 1904.
The first item on its agenda was to decide if the delegates who walked out in Charleston would be readmitted or replaced. It opted to readmit some while seating pro-Douglas replacements for others. This decision prompted the remaining southern delegates and a handful of others to walk out.
On the first ballot, Douglas received 173.5 of the 203.5 votes cast. The convention now overruled the earlier decision that a candidate had to receive 2/3 of the ballots of all members to only require 2/3 of those present and voting. So, after a second vote in which Douglas received 190.5 of the votes, he was declared the nominee.
Interesting Fact
The man chosen to the vice-presidential candidate, Benjamin Fitzpatrick, from Alabama, is one of only 3 people in history to turn down the nomination for the position.
The delegates who had walked out held their own separate convention in Baltimore as well. There, they nominated John C. Breckinridge.
The Democratic Party now had two official nominees for the 1860 Presidential Election.
The ultimate result of the 1860 Democratic Convention was the virtual assurance that Abraham Lincoln would win the 1860 presidential election.
There were now officially 4 major candidates that would go on to receive significant numbers of votes and points in the electoral college in the general election:
Some historians, including James McPherson, have argued that the radical fire-eater's intention at the convention was to intentionally divide the party to allow for a Republican victory in the general election and thereby provoke secession.
Actually, even if all the states won by Douglas, Breckinridge, or Bell had gone to just one of them, Lincoln still would have won the election. Still, the split Democratic ticket almost assuredly depressed turnout and played a factor in Lincoln's victory, whether assertions that this was the intended goal were true or not.
Lincoln's victory, of course, also led to secession and, eventually, the Civil War. The 1860 Democratic Convention can therefore be seen as a microcosm and representation of the division of the county over slavery.
At the Democratic Convention of 1860 held in Charleston, the delegates could not decide on an official Party policy regarding slavery, causing radcial Democratic delegates to walk out. The Party was forced to adjourn and meet at a later date in Baltimore.
The Democratic Convention met in April of 1860 at the Institute Hall in Charleston, SC.
The Democrats were divided at the Party convention because they could not decide the Party's official stance on slavery.
Due to the splitting of the Democratic Party, there were 2 Democratic Presidential nominees. Stephen A. Douglas, the main candidate, and John C. Breckinridge chosen by southern delegates who boycotted Douglas's nomination.
Attending the National Conventions are the delegates of each state and the candidates for nomination.
In what state was the first 1860 Democratic Convention held?
South Carolina
The disagreement on party policy regarding _____ split the convention apart.
Slavery
Delegates from ____ states walked out of the first convention.
10
Why was the Democratic Convention forced to adjourn?
With the walkouts, they now lacked the 2/3 majority needed for nomination of a candidate.
Who were the “Fire-Eaters”?
A militant Southern group that was in favor of unhindered expansion of slavery into the West.
The “Fire-Eater“ branch of the Democratic Convention nominated the Kentucky politician ________.
John C. Breckinridge
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