What would you do if you had to deal with cut wages and long working hours? Today, we may quit our job and look for another. However, in the Gilded Era, mass industrialization and unregulated business practices meant that simply leaving a job was not a suitable option.
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Jetzt kostenlos anmeldenWhat would you do if you had to deal with cut wages and long working hours? Today, we may quit our job and look for another. However, in the Gilded Era, mass industrialization and unregulated business practices meant that simply leaving a job was not a suitable option.
In 1892, Andrew Carnegie, the owner of Carnegie steel, was one of the wealthiest businessmen in the country. His indirect actions helped fuel a strike on his mill. Carnegie's manager, Henry Frick, announced wage cuts, refused to negotiate with the steel union, and locked workers out of the mill. Workers, fed up with the working conditions, started to strike the next day. Continue reading to see how the strike impacted workers in America!
The Homestead Strike was a violent labor dispute between Andrew Carnegie's Steel Company and his workers. The strike began in 1892 at the Carnegie steel plant in Homestead, Pennsylvania.
The workers, represented by the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers (AA), sought to renew a collective bargaining contract between Carnegie Steel and its' workers. However, out of the country at the time, Andrew Carnegie handed over operations to his manager Henry Clay Frick.
Collective bargaining
The negotiation for wages and working conditions made by a group of workers.
Deepening tensions between laborers and factory owners increased with the organization of workers gathering together to form labor unions. These labor unions fought for workers' rights, such as fair wages, working hours, working conditions, and other labor laws. While previous labor strikes were unorganized, the powerful AA union represented the Homestead Strike.
The American economy fluctuated steeply throughout the late nineteenth century, impacting both the businessman and laborer. Carnegie felt the impact of the economy when steel dropped from $35 in 1890 to $22 a ton in 1892. Operations manager Henry C. Frick met with the local leaders of the AA to begin negotiations regarding pay.
Considering the profit margin of Carnegie Steel, union leaders requested a wage increase. Frick provided a counteroffer of a 22% decrease in wages. This insulted the workers as Carnegie Steel made roughly $4.2 million in profits. Determined to end the union, Frick bargained with the union leaders for another month before the company stopped recognizing the union.
So, let's look at the events of the strike itself.
Below is a timeline showing how the Homestead Strike progressed.
Date | Event |
June 29, 1892 | Frick locked workers out of the Homestead Steel Mill. |
June 30, 1892 | Homestead strike officially began. |
July 6, 1892 | Violence erupted between Carnegie Steel workers and Pinkerton detectives (hired by Henry Clay Frick). |
July 12, 1892 | Pennsylvania State Militia marched to Homestead. |
July 12-14, 1892 | US Congressional committee held hearings regarding the strike in Homestead. |
July 23, 1892 | Assassination attempt on Henry Clay Frick by Alexander Berkman. |
Mid-August 1892 | Carnegie Steel Works resumed operations. |
September 30, 1892 | Steelworkers were charged with treason. |
October 21, 1892 | Samuel Gompers visited the Almagamated Association Union. |
November 21, 1892 | Amalgamated Association ended working restrictions at Carnegie Steel. |
Unable to reach an agreement, Frick preceded to lock the workers out of the plant. The steelworkers did not strike alone as workers from the Knights of Labor decided to walk out in support.
Following the lockout, AA workers lashed out against the plant by establishing picket lines. At the same time, Frick hired scabs. As the strike continued, Frick hired Pinkerton Detectives to protect the plant. Frick only intensified tensions amongst workers in hiring agents and replacement workers, and violence soon erupted.
Scabs
Also known as strikebreakers, scabs are replacement workers hired specifically to break a strike so that company operations can continue in spite of trade union disputes.
As Pinkerton agents arrived via boat, workers and townspeople gathered to stop their arrival. As tensions rose, the groups exchanged gunfire resulting in the surrender of the agents. Twelve people lay dead, and townspeople beat several agents upon surrendering.
Due to the violence and Frick's request, the governor sent in National Guard troops, who quickly surrounded the steel mill. Though Carnegie remained in Scotland throughout the strike, he condoned Frick's actions. However, in 1892 Congress initiated an investigation on Henry Frick and his use of the Pinkerton agents.
Q: Now, then, Mr. Frick, do I understand you as taking this position that here in this county, with a population somewhere near half a million people, in the great State of Pennsylvania, you anticipated that you could not obtain protection for your property rights from the local authorities!
A: That had been our experience before."
- An excerpt from Henry Frick's testimony during the Congressional investigation into Pinkerton detectives at Homestead, 1892.1
In the quote above, Frick stated that he believed local authorities would not be able to provide adequate protection for the steel mill based on previous experiences.
Did you know?
Henry Clay Frick survived an assassination attempt in 1892 during the Homestead Strike! Anarchist Alexander Birkman attempted to kill Frick but only succeeded in wounding him.
The Homestead Strike of 1892 shared a similar fate to the Pullman Strike in 1894. The steelworkers gained widespread public support for their cause at the start of the strike. However, once the strike turned violent, support soon waned.
Eventually, the Homestead mill re-opened and reached full operations in August. Most striking workers returned to work with no positive changes in working conditions. The Amalgamated Association, severely damaged by the strike, nearly disintegrated. Carnegie took full advantage of the weak steel union and forced a 12-hour workday and lower wages onto the workers.
Did you know?
In response to the Homestead Strike, 33 steelworkers were charged with treason, and the Amalgamated Association was practically destroyed.
The Homestead Strike did not meet the steel workers' expectations and only worsened working conditions in the aftermath. However, the strike's failure did produce impactful results. Frick's use of Pinkerton agents during the strike soured public opinion on using private security in labor strikes. In the years following Homestead, 26 states made it illegal to use private protection during strikes.
Though Carnegie remained physically separated from the Homestead incident, his reputation became severely damaged. Criticized as a hypocrite, Carnegie would spend years repairing his public image.
Did you know?
Even with Carnegie's damaged reputation, his steel industry continued to make massive profits and increase productivity.
Working Conditions for Laborers & Labor Unions
While living standards were rising, this did not correlate with raising factory work standards. All factory work posed an incredible danger, with the working class seeing death and personal injuries on an unprecedented scale. Workers often could not address their grievances with owners or managers due to the corporate structure. For example, if a single employee requested better working conditions, shorter hours, or better pay, the manager would fire that worker and hire another in their place.
The corporate structure did not favor the working man, so workers gathered together to form labor unions. Workers saw that a single voice was not enough and that a large group of workers needed to influence change. Often labor unions employed various tactics to get their point across to the factory owners/management.
Union Tactics:
In July 1892, steelworkers began a strike against Carnegie Steel in Homestead, Pennsylvania. Carnegie's manager, Henry Frick, implemented a severe pay cut and refused to negotiate with the Amalgamated steel union. Tensions rose when Frick locked almost 4,000 workers out of the mill.
Frick hired the Pinkerton agency for protection in response to the striking workers, resulting in a violent exchange with twelve people dead. Once the strike turned violent, the steel union lost public support and deteriorated. The Homestead Steel Mill returned to full operating status four short months after the start of the strike, and most workers were rehired. Carnegie continued to turn high profits while maintaining a twelve-hour workday and lower wages for his workers.
The Homestead Strike was led by the Amalgamated Union of Steel Workers.
The Homestead Strike was caused by Henry Frick announcing cut wages, refusing to negotiate with the steel union, and locking workers out of the steel mill.
The Homestead Strike began with Henry Frick locking steel workers out of the mill and announcing a wage cut. The strike began peacefully until a violent clash with the Pinkerton agents turned public opinion against the steel union. The strike only lasted about four months and ended with Carnegie Steel re-opening to its' full operating status. The majority of the workers were re-hired and the Amalgamated Association deteriorated.
The Homestead Strike was a strike between Carnegie Steel and steel workers of the Amalgamated Association. The strike began in July 1892 in Homestead, Pennsylvania when manager Henry Frick cut wages and refused to negotiate with the steel union.
The Homestead Strike showed that business owners held controlling power over the working conditions of laborers. The Homestead strike resulted in a longer work day and more wage cuts.
What main cause deepened tensions between laborers and factory owners?
Organizing of Labor Unions
Amalgamated Association's initial negotiation offer was met with what from Frick?
Severe wage decrease
What other labor union supported the AA during the strike?
American Railway Union
What event turned the public opinion against the steel workers?
Violence in the strike
What was the response of the Pennsylvania Governor to the strike?
Use National Guard Troops
What labor union represented the steel workers at Homestead?
Amalgamated Association
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