Folk wisdom states that it is too late to lock the stable door after stealing the horse. The United States has participated in several armed conflicts since 1945, such as the Korean War. However, it was not until a war directly affected American citizens with a high death toll that large anti-war protests began. The Vietnam War (1955-1975) anti-war movement in the U.S. was the most significant protest movement in American history, shaping public opinion about wars.
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Jetzt kostenlos anmeldenFolk wisdom states that it is too late to lock the stable door after stealing the horse. The United States has participated in several armed conflicts since 1945, such as the Korean War. However, it was not until a war directly affected American citizens with a high death toll that large anti-war protests began. The Vietnam War (1955-1975) anti-war movement in the U.S. was the most significant protest movement in American history, shaping public opinion about wars.
Fig. 1 - Anti-war protest in Washington, D.C., October 1967. Source: Department of Defense, National Archives, Wikipedia Commons (public domain).
The American anti-war movement protesting the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War (1955-1975) arose out of the broader context of the Cold War.
At this time, the United States used a foreign policy called containment. Containment challenged the Soviet Union worldwide wherever the United States perceived a threat from Communist or left-wing movements, sometimes at the expense of weaker countries.
This arrangement worked reasonably well in Europe because that region was split into the American and Soviet spheres of influence through Berlin shortly after 1945.
In other places, like Southeast Asia, the policy of containment was a failure. Like many others in the world, the region was going through decolonization.
Decolonization is a process through which a former colony gains political, social, and cultural independence.
Decolonization began after World War I and picked up speed following World War II. Many countries gained independence from the former European colonial powers for different reasons, including:
Vietnam, France's former colony Indochina, became one of the key battlegrounds in a complicated political situation of decolonization, a search for national identity, and Cold War rivalry.
The Vietnam War lasted between 1955 and 1975. The operations took place in present-day Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos.
Fig. 2 - Captured Vietnamese peasants suspected of being Communists by the U.S. Army, 1966. Source: U.S. Army, Library of Congress, Wikipedia Commons (public domain).
The two sides were:
North Vietnam | South Vietnam |
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The Vietnam War was very complex. The American involvement went from providing military support and advisors to full-scale land, air, and navy involvement during the Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon presidencies. Here are some of the key events:
Date | Event |
1945-1954 |
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1963 |
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1964 |
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1968 |
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1968 |
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1969 |
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1970 |
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1970-1973 |
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1972 |
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1973 |
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1975-1976 |
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An estimated 58,000 American soldiers were killed in this conflict. For Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, estimates range to three million dead.
Fig. 3 - U.S. soldier treated for wounds, Operation Hue City, February 1968. U.S. Marines, National Archive, Wikipedia Commons (public domain).
Anti-war movements oppose the involvement of one's country in an armed conflict and share these features:
As American involvement in Vietnam grew, so did the opposition in the country:
People protested for many reasons:
From the mid-1960s until the 1973 Paris Peace Accords, the U.S. drafted over 2 million soldiers. Some of them went to and died in Vietnam.
In the 1969 draft lottery, men were chosen by a random number linked to their dates of birth.
Some dodged the draft or deserted.
Event | Details |
Democratic National Convention Riots |
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Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam |
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Chicago Seven Trial |
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Kent State Massacre (May 4 Massacre) |
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Student Strike of 1970 |
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The anti-war movement was diverse:
The movement grew to include intellectuals, journalists, and even veterans (Vietnam Veterans Against the War).
There were many leaders of individual groups and the overall movement.
Dr. Benjamin Spock, a best-selling author, and pediatrician, shaped child-rearing strategies in 20th-century America. Spock was also a leftwing anti-war activist. He ran for President in 1972.
Activists were from different backgrounds.
William Sloane Coffin, Jr. was a Christian leader in the Presbyterian Church. He participated in Civil Rights and anti-war protests and also supported gay rights.
Some protested on philosophical grounds:
Stephen Spiro was a political activist and member of the Catholic Worker Movement who opposed the Vietnam War. He was a conscientious objector to conscription, for which he received a suspended sentence. Spiro is noteworthy because he opposed the war on philosophical and theological grounds using the Bellum iustum (just war) argument. He argued that the war in Vietnam was unjustified.
The counterculture movement inspired other protesters.
Rennie Davis was a prominent anti-war activist and one of the Chicago Seven charged with numerous offenses linked to the Vietnam War-era protests.
The government's response to anti-war protests varied:
The anti-war movement was successful in two key ways:
Of course, the situation on the ground bore the primary responsibility for the U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam after the Paris Peace Accords.
To raise awareness, some anti-war activists disseminated posters like these.
Fig. 4 - Uncle Sam Bleeds You, by RITA (Resisters Inside The Army), 1970. Source: Wikipedia Commons (public domain).
Fig. 5 - An anti-war poster at the University of San Diego, 1970. Source: Alcalá yearbook, 1971, University of San Diego, Wikipedia Commons (public domain).
Fig. 6 - “Let the People Vote on War,” 1970. [Cambridge: Vietnam Referendum '70?] Photograph. https://www.loc.gov/item/2015647227/.
The United States invaded Iraq in 2003. On February 15, 2003, many countries worldwide held anti-war protests, some believed to be the largest single-day protest event in recorded history.
The anti-war movement of the 1960s in the U.S. opposed the war in Vietnam. Its members included students and intellectuals. They questioned American involvement in this bloody conflict, challenged militarist ideology and the draft, and promoted pacifist ideas.
The most significant anti-war movement in the United States occurred in the 1960s and early 1970s until American participation in the Vietnam war ended.
The biggest anti-war movement in American history took place in the 1960s and early 1970s in the context of the Vietnam War (1955-1975). In one way or another, it involved all layers of society. The movement grew more radical as the U.S. became more engaged in this war. The broader context for the anti-war movement was the socio-cultural paradigm shift that occurred in American society at this time: The civil rights movement, counterculture, second-wave feminism, and the liberalization of ideas.
The anti-war movement protesting the American involvement in Vietnam took place throughout the United States. One notable location was college campuses.
The purpose of the American anti-war movement of the 1960s and early 1970s was to stop the bloody war in Vietnam, to criticize American militarism, to stop the draft, and to promote pacifist ideals.
When did the Vietnam War take place?
1955-1975
Which side in the Vietnam War did the U.S. support?
South Vietnam
Which Presidents led the country during the Vietnam War?
Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon
What document did the U.S. sign to withdraw from Vietnam in 1973?
Paris Peace Accords
Vietnam was part of which European empire before 1945?
French Empire
The Vietnam War was shaped by which two processes?
Cold War and decolonization
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