Up until the late 19th century, America was a nation that welcomed immigrants. As the country grew and rates of immigration increased, however, nativism took hold, and by the early 20th century, a national origins quota system was underway.
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Jetzt kostenlos anmeldenUp until the late 19th century, America was a nation that welcomed immigrants. As the country grew and rates of immigration increased, however, nativism took hold, and by the early 20th century, a national origins quota system was underway.
nativism
a policy of protecting native-born American interests at the expense of immigrants
In the mid-18th century, there was a steady flow of European immigrants from Northern and Western Europe, namely England, Germany, and Ireland. Anti-immigrant sentiment developed against Germans and Irish, whose customs differed more dramatically than the British. The Irish faced particular xenophobia because of their Catholic faith.
xenophobia
the fear and hatred of immigrants
Playing off the fears that German and Irish immigrants were taking the opportunities of Protestant, native-born Americans, The Know Nothing Party, a nativist political party, gained ground during the 1850s. While the party fell apart leading up to the Civil War, immigration became a point of contention again after the war. States started to enact immigration laws before the Supreme Court ruled it a federal issue through several decisions.
During the 1880s, the federal government started to roll out anti-immigrant policies and legislation. Among the first was the Immigration Act of 1882, which instituted a head tax of 50 cents per person. It also barred the entry of convicts, the mentally ill, and anyone likely to become a ward of the state. However, this act was meant to apply solely to European immigrants.
A host of Chinese immigrants had come to the West Coast during the California Gold Rush, and nativists wanted to prevent further immigration. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 stopped the flow of Chinese immigrants for 10 years, but the government continuously renewed it, leaving the ban in effect until 1943.
But who was going to enforce this legislation? The Immigration Act of 1891 created the Office of the Superintendent of Immigration (later the Bureau of Immigration), complete with a new corps of United States Immigrant Inspectors. These inspectors were located at key ports of entry and were responsible for inspecting and processing immigrants. They could deny immigrants who they believed were polygamists or carrying disease. During this time, the infamous immigrant processing center, Ellis Island, began operating in New York.
Towards the end of the 19th century, a change occurred in the composition of European immigrants to America. These so-called “new immigrants” were from Eastern and Southern Europe and even less familiar to Protestant, native-born Americans. By the turn of the 20th century, nativist sentiment was at an all-time high-even the Progressives, who prided themselves on helping the less fortunate, generally favored anti-immigration policies.
In 1911, Congress funded the Dillingham Commission to investigate the causes and impact of immigration. With only one member supporting immigration, the Dillingham Commission found what it wanted to find. Members reported that Southern and Eastern Europeans were not assimilating well into American society and that, instead, they were hurting society.
In response to the Dillingham Commission, Congress passed the Immigration Act of 1917, which following the Commission’s recommendation, instituted literacy tests to prevent immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe where literacy levels were behind that of the rest of Europe. It also barred any immigration from Asia, except for the Philippines, which was then an American territory.
Although immigration from Europe had decreased during World War I, Congress wanted to ensure that levels remained low. The Immigration Act of 1921 first introduced the national origins quota system. Through this system, only 3% of the given nationality’s population in the 1910 census would be allowed into the country.
If a certain nationality had 100 individuals living in America in 1910, the federal government’s quota would be three immigrants.
The Immigration Act of 1924 restricted immigration even further by reducing the quota to 2% of the given nationality’s population in America. It also used the 1880 census to determine the quota, rather than the more recent 1910 census. This meant that the system allowed for more of the so-called “old immigrants” than immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe.
During this time, there was no restriction on immigration from Canada or Latin America.
The immediate effect of the government’s anti-immigrant policies led to a steep decline in immigration. But, without options for legal immigration, illegal immigration became a problem. The government responded by creating the U.S. Border Patrol and devoting more staff and resources to deportation.
Ultimately, the federal government’s anti-immigrant policies and legislation normalized xenophobia in America. Immigrants not only faced discrimination but were paid less for longer hours, leaving many families stuck living in the slums. The legislation in place was also extremely racist. As we noted earlier, the government restricted European immigration but outright banned immigration from Asian countries.
It was not until the Immigration Act of 1965 that Congress did away with the national origins quota system. In its place, they put a worldwide limit on immigration, with a preference system that favored immigrants with special skills or already had family in the country. This worldwide limit, while amended over the years, exists to this day. In recent years, the focus of anti-immigration policy has shifted toward immigration from Latin American countries.
Anti-immigration refers to anything opposing immigration.
Anti-immigration legislation is legislation that restricts immigration.
The United States started restricting immigration in the late 19th century.
Currently, the United States allows 675,000 immigrants a year. This limit excludes existing citizens' spouses, parents, and children under 21, as well as refugees.
The Immigration and Nationality Act is the body of law that guides immigration policy in the United States.
When did the United States start restricting immigration?
the late 19th century
Which group was not part of the "old immigrants"?
Italians
Which Immigration Act instituted the literacy test?
The Immigration Act of 1917
Which Immigration Act instituted the national quota system?
The Immigration Act of 1921
When did the Congress enact the Chinese Exclusion Act?
1882
Early 20th century immigration policies favored:
Northern and Western Europeans
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